Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.
Int J Psychoanal. 2022 Oct;103(5):806-827. doi: 10.1080/00207578.2022.2089571.
Freud's theorising about anxiety has traditionally been based on its nosographical categories (anxiety neurosis, anxiety hysteria) or on the relationship between anxiety and repression (first and second theories of anxiety). While these types of approach have made it possible to identify some milestones in the development of the concept of anxiety, they have also obscured the relevance that Freud attributed to the phylogenetic argument. This article reviews the historical and conceptual context of Freud's main evolutionary references (Lamarck, Darwin, Haeckel, Weismann), and then analyses their presence and function in Freud's work, especially in his conception of anxiety. The article shows that while some of the evolutionary references became obsolete towards the end of the 19th century, they played such an important role in Freud's work that he never ceased to defend them. With respect to anxiety, though Freud did not make fully public his metapsychological hypothesis about the phylogenetic rationale, this perspective permeates his writing and is fundamental to his development of the concepts of neurotic anxiety/realistic anxiety and automatic anxiety/signal anxiety.
弗洛伊德的焦虑理论传统上基于其疾病分类（焦虑神经症、焦虑癔症）或焦虑与压抑之间的关系（第一和第二焦虑理论）。虽然这些方法使我们能够确定焦虑概念发展的一些里程碑，但它们也掩盖了弗洛伊德赋予种系发生论点的相关性。本文回顾了弗洛伊德主要进化参考（拉马克、达尔文、海克尔、魏斯曼）的历史和概念背景，然后分析了它们在弗洛伊德作品中的存在和功能，特别是在他的焦虑概念中。文章表明，虽然一些进化参考在 19 世纪末已经过时，但它们在弗洛伊德的作品中扮演了如此重要的角色，以至于他从未停止过为它们辩护。就焦虑而言，尽管弗洛伊德并没有完全公开他关于种系发生理据的心理玄学假设，但这种观点贯穿了他的著作，对他发展神经症焦虑/现实焦虑和自动焦虑/信号焦虑的概念至关重要。
