Govrin Aner
En-Gurion Univ. and Lesley Univ., Israel; Adelphi Univ., New York.
Psychoanal Hist. 2004;6(1):5-21. doi: 10.3366/pah.2004.6.1.5.
The author argues that (1) the utilitarian ideas of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill were an important source for Freud's early metapsychology and (2) the two theories are radically different in many aspects. The facts that link Freud with the British utilitarian school are described in the first part. These include Freud's translation of three of Mill's essays, a course Freud took on utilitarianism as a student and a book written by Mill which Freud cited and held in his library. By stripping Freud's language of its biological connotations the author claims in the second part that utilitarianism ideas are ubiquitous in Freud's early thought especially in his "pleasure principle" and in the hedonistic side of the human psyche. The third part describes how Freudian theory breaks with utilitarianism along three lines: the quality of pleasure, conflict and irrationality. These breaks are demonstrated through concepts such as the quantity-quality dilemma, constancy principle, repression, conflict and hallucination. Although there is a strong basic philosophical affinity (certainly with regard to human motivation) between Freudian thought and utilitarianism the theories should not be compared on the same level.
（1）杰里米·边沁和约翰·斯图尔特·密尔的功利主义思想是弗洛伊德早期精神分析学的一个重要来源；（2）这两种理论在许多方面存在根本差异。第一部分描述了将弗洛伊德与英国功利主义学派联系起来的事实。这些事实包括弗洛伊德翻译的密尔的三篇论文、弗洛伊德学生时代修读的一门功利主义课程，以及弗洛伊德在其藏书室中引用并保存的密尔所著的一本书。在第二部分中，作者通过去除弗洛伊德语言中的生物学内涵，声称功利主义思想在弗洛伊德的早期思想中无处不在，尤其是在他的“快乐原则”以及人类心理的享乐主义方面。第三部分描述了弗洛伊德理论在三个方面与功利主义的背离：快乐的性质、冲突和非理性。这些背离通过诸如量 - 质困境、恒常原则、压抑、冲突和幻觉等概念得以体现。尽管弗洛伊德思想与功利主义之间存在强大的基本哲学亲和力（当然在人类动机方面），但这两种理论不应在同一层面上进行比较。
