Department of Psychology.
Psychol Aging. 2022 Nov;37(7):848-862. doi: 10.1037/pag0000713. Epub 2022 Oct 6.
Given the well-established link between control beliefs and well-being, researchers have turned their attention to characterizing mechanisms that help foster this relationship across the second half of life. Cross-sectional, empirical work has identified a mediating relationship among religiosity and spirituality (R/S), control beliefs, and subjective well-being, such that individuals with higher R/S show higher subjective well-being that is mediated by between-person differences in perceived control. Empirical tests of between-person differences, however, may not represent within-person associations. As such, the present study utilized longitudinal data from the Notre Dame Study of Health & Well-being (NDHWB; = 1,017) to examine concurrent, within-person associations among three R/S dimensions (i.e., religious coping, religious practices, and spirituality), control beliefs, and subjective well-being. Results from our Bayesian multilevel mediation analyses showed significant within-person associations among these constructs, suggesting potential bidirectionality and circularity in these processes. Cross-sectional age differences and time significantly moderated these associations. In terms of age differences, younger, compared to older, individuals showed stronger positive associations among religious coping and spirituality, control beliefs, and subjective well-being and more negative associations among religious practices, control beliefs, and subjective well-being. Contrarily, the effect of time implied that the relationships among religious coping and spirituality, control beliefs, and subjective well-being became more positive across time. Given this disjunction and that the moderating effect of cross-sectional age by time was not significant, cross-sectional age differences in these relationships likely reflect generational differences in the associations among R/S, control beliefs, and subjective well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
鉴于控制信念与幸福感之间的密切关系，研究人员已将注意力转向描述有助于在生命后半段培养这种关系的机制。横断面实证研究已经确定了宗教信仰和精神性（R/S）、控制信念和主观幸福感之间的中介关系，即 R/S 较高的个体表现出更高的主观幸福感，这种幸福感是由个体之间感知控制的差异所中介的。然而，对个体间差异的实证检验可能无法代表个体内的关联。因此，本研究利用圣母大学健康与幸福感研究（NDHWB；N=1017）的纵向数据，检验了三个 R/S 维度（即宗教应对、宗教实践和精神性）、控制信念和主观幸福感之间的同期、个体内关联。我们的贝叶斯多层中介分析结果显示，这些结构之间存在显著的个体内关联，表明这些过程中存在潜在的双向性和循环性。横断面年龄差异和时间显著调节了这些关联。就年龄差异而言，与老年人相比，年轻人在宗教应对和精神性、控制信念和主观幸福感之间表现出更强的正相关，而在宗教实践、控制信念和主观幸福感之间表现出更强的负相关。相反，时间的影响意味着宗教应对和精神性、控制信念和主观幸福感之间的关系随着时间的推移变得更加积极。鉴于这种分歧，以及横断面年龄对时间的调节作用不显著，这些关系中的横断面年龄差异可能反映了 R/S、控制信念和主观幸福感之间的关联在代际上的差异。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2022 APA，保留所有权利）。
