Role of the caudal peduncle in a fish-inspired robotic model: how changing stiffness and angle of attack affects swimming performance.

In fish, the tail is a key element of propulsive anatomy that contributes to thrust during swimming. Fish possess the ability to alter tail stiffness, surface area and conformation. Specifically, the region at the base of the tail, the caudal peduncle, is proposed to be a key location of fish stiffness modulation during locomotion. Most previous analyses have focused on the overall body or tail stiffness, and not on the effects of changing stiffness specifically at the base of the tail in fish and robotic models. We used both computational fluid dynamics analysis and experimental measurements of propulsive forces in physical models with different peduncle stiffnesses to analyze the effect of altering stiffness on the tail angle of attack and propulsive force and efficiency. By changing the motion program input to the tail, we were able to alter the phase relationship between the front and back tail sections between 0° and 330°. Computational simulations showed that power consumption was nearly minimized and thrust production was nearly maximized at the kinematic pattern where= 270°, the approximate phase lag observed in the experimental foils and in free swimming tuna. We observed reduced thrust and efficiency at high angles of attack, suggesting that the tail driven during these motion programs experiences stalling and loss of lift. However, there is no single peduncle stiffness that consistently maximizes performance, particularly in physical models. This result highlights the fact that the optimal caudal peduncle stiffness is highly context dependent. Therefore, incorporating the ability to control peduncle stiffness in future robotic models of fish propulsion promises to increase the ability of robots to approach the performance of fish.