Al-Mamun Md, Hossain Md Jamal, Alam Morshed, Parvez Md Shahin, Dhar Bablu Kumar, Islam Md Rabiul
Department of Sociology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh.
Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
Heliyon. 2022 Oct 1;8(10):e10840. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10840. eCollection 2022 Oct.
The Hijra community is marginalized in social, political, and economic life and especially stigmatized in society. It is their birthright to make use of society's opportunities and amenities. This overview aimed to summarize the stigma, prejudice, exclusions, and discriminatory attitudes toward third-gender populations (Hijra) in Bangladesh from the mainstream society based on a critical assessment of available data and evidence. The paper also explored the socio-economic situation of the third-gender community in Bangladesh regarding income, education, health, housing, social relations, and outcome through a critical literature review. Here, we have highlighted the magnitudes of social exclusion that the Hijra minority group in Bangladesh experiences. The Hijra in Bangladesh faces severe mistreatment due to socio-cultural norms. This minority group suffers from extreme social, cultural, political, and economic exclusion in Bangladesh. Their livelihood is different than other communities in the society. The primary source of income for hijras in Bangladesh is begging and prostitution. They have no access within civil society, even in times of recreational and marital practices. People are unreasonably afraid of their presence in public places. Apart from that, they are physically and psychologically abused and deprived of appropriate medical and civil support. Hijras are deprived of government facilities and are accustomed to miserable lifestyles in Bangladesh. They are the most vulnerable and disadvantaged minority as they lack access to quality services, health care, and employment opportunities. Social recognition and financial independence may be the first step to alleviating discrimination toward the third-gender population. Government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should be concerned about ensuring the rights of the Hijra community must be protected.
海吉拉群体在社会、政治和经济生活中处于边缘地位，在社会中尤其受到污名化。利用社会的机会和便利设施是他们与生俱来的权利。本概述旨在基于对现有数据和证据的批判性评估，总结主流社会对孟加拉国第三性别人口（海吉拉）的污名、偏见、排斥和歧视态度。本文还通过批判性文献综述，探讨了孟加拉国第三性别群体在收入、教育、健康、住房、社会关系和成果方面的社会经济状况。在这里，我们强调了孟加拉国海吉拉少数群体所经历的社会排斥程度。由于社会文化规范，孟加拉国的海吉拉面临着严重的虐待。这个少数群体在孟加拉国遭受着极端的社会、文化、政治和经济排斥。他们的生计与社会中的其他群体不同。孟加拉国海吉拉的主要收入来源是乞讨和卖淫。他们在公民社会中没有任何机会，即使在娱乐和婚姻方面也是如此。人们毫无道理地害怕他们出现在公共场所。除此之外，他们还遭受身体和心理上的虐待，被剥夺了适当的医疗和公民支持。海吉拉被剥夺了政府设施，在孟加拉国过着悲惨的生活方式。他们是最脆弱和处境最不利的少数群体，因为他们无法获得优质服务、医疗保健和就业机会。社会认可和经济独立可能是减轻对第三性别人口歧视的第一步。政府和非政府组织应该关注确保海吉拉群体的权利必须得到保护。
