Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Rd, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Rd, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
J Chem Ecol. 2022 Dec;48(11-12):817-826. doi: 10.1007/s10886-022-01387-x. Epub 2022 Oct 12.
Tephritid fruit flies are major horticultural pests of fruit and vegetable crops. Developing an odour lure that can attract mated female flies under field conditions has presented a major challenge to chemical ecologists around the globe. We have designed a new lure to attract female Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, based on the knowledge that this pest tephritid is attracted not only to odours from ripening fruits, but also to odours of symbiotic (gut-associated) yeasts on which the larvae feed. Initial field trials screened four volatile mixtures, each containing a base mix of three, short-chain "fruit ripening" esters and differing in the addition of long-chain "fruity" esters and / or alcohols produced by live yeasts. Results demonstrated that the lure formulated from short-chain esters and live yeast alcohols attracted the most female flies, with significantly higher catches than an odourless control trap, and a protein-baited trap. As electrophysiological studies exploring peripheral responses in tephritids to alcohols associated with fermentation have not been extensively investigated, we conducted this work on both the antennae and maxillary palps, and discovered that three yeast alcohols were detected by both sensory organs. Performance trials conducted in pome fruit and stone fruit orchards evaluated the six-component blend of short-chain ester and live yeast alcohol lure against a commercially available synthetic fruit-odour lure and a protein-based lure. In the apple orchard, the new lure caught significantly more female flies, and in particular mated females, compared to the commercially available lures. In the stone fruit orchard, while the new lure again caught the most mated female flies compared to the other lures, differences were not significant. The visual stimulus (trap design) used had a significant effect on capture, with a Ladd trap (red sphere on a yellow panel) being considerably more effective than the other traps. We discuss the implications of this study, including why the degree of effectiveness of the new lure might have differed among the test orchards (citrus, apple, stonefruit), and why yeast odours might increase attractiveness to "ripening fruit" volatile blends under field conditions.
实蝇是水果和蔬菜作物的主要园艺害虫。开发一种能在野外条件下吸引交配后雌性实蝇的气味诱饵，这对全球化学生态学家来说是一个重大挑战。我们根据这种害虫实蝇不仅受到成熟果实散发气味的吸引，还受到幼虫取食的共生（肠道相关）酵母散发气味的吸引这一知识，设计了一种新的诱饵来吸引昆士兰果蝇，桃小食心虫。初步野外试验筛选了四种挥发性混合物，每种混合物都含有三种短链“果实成熟”酯的基础混合物，不同之处在于添加了长链“果香”酯和/或由活酵母产生的醇。结果表明，由短链酯和活酵母醇制成的诱饵吸引了最多的雌性苍蝇，比无味对照诱捕器和蛋白诱饵的捕获量明显更高。由于与发酵相关的醇对实蝇的外周反应的电生理学研究尚未广泛开展，我们在触角和下颚须上进行了这项工作，发现两种感觉器官都检测到三种酵母醇。在核果和核果果园中进行的性能试验评估了由短链酯和活酵母醇的六种混合物与市售合成水果气味诱饵和基于蛋白质的诱饵的混合。在苹果园里，新的诱饵比市售的诱饵捕获了更多的雌性苍蝇，特别是交配后的雌性苍蝇。在核果果园里，虽然新的诱饵再次比其他诱饵捕获了最多的交配后雌性苍蝇，但差异并不显著。使用的视觉刺激（诱捕器设计）对捕获有显著影响，一个 Ladd 诱捕器（黄色面板上的红色球体）比其他诱捕器有效得多。我们讨论了这项研究的意义，包括为什么新诱饵的有效性在不同的试验果园（柑橘、苹果、核果）中可能有所不同，以及为什么酵母气味在野外条件下可能会增加对“成熟果实”挥发性混合物的吸引力。
