Department of Environmental Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 8;19(19):12898. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191912898.
In the present study, a total of 64 road dust samples were collected from five different functional areas (residential, commercial, parks, high-traffic, and industrial) in urban Lucknow to assess the accumulation, distribution, and health risk of heavy metals (HMs) (i.e., Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, Cr and Ni). Acid digestion methods were used to analyze HMs, followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The ascending frequency of HMs was Cd < As < Ni < Cr < Pb < Cu < Zn < Mn < Fe for all different functional areas. Almost all HMs exceed the limits of Indian natural soil background values (INSB) across all functional areas. The pollution assessment results reveal that the urban road dust of Lucknow is highly enriched with Zn and Pb, causing deterioration of dust quality. The spatial distribution of HMs shows that road dust found in the central and southwestern zones of the Lucknow urban area are more contaminated than in other areas. The ecological risk assessment demonstrates that Cd was the highest risk contributor, followed by Pb, Zn and Cu. The result of the health risk assessment i.e., the cumulative hazard index (HI) and the cumulative lifetime cancer risk (LCR), reveal that children (mean HI = 1.26, LCR = 0.000187) are more vulnerable to HM exposure than adults (HI = 0.14, LCR = 0.0000804). For carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk, ingestion appears to be the major pathway of HM exposure in both age groups. It is alarming that all studied four carcinogenic HMs were found in concentrations higher than 1 × 10 (the permissible limit for humans). This indicates slight chances of developing cancer for both age groups in all functional areas.
在本研究中，从城市勒克瑙的五个不同功能区（住宅、商业、公园、交通繁忙和工业）共采集了 64 个道路灰尘样本，以评估重金属（HM）（即 Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、As、Cr 和 Ni）的积累、分布和健康风险。采用酸消解方法对 HMs 进行分析，然后使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICPMS）。在所有不同的功能区中，HM 的递增频率为 Cd < As < Ni < Cr < Pb < Cu < Zn < Mn < Fe。几乎所有的 HM 都超过了印度自然土壤背景值（INSB）的限值。污染评估结果表明，勒克瑙的城市道路灰尘中富含 Zn 和 Pb，导致灰尘质量恶化。HM 的空间分布表明，勒克瑙市区中部和西南部的道路灰尘比其他地区污染更严重。生态风险评估表明，Cd 是最高风险贡献者，其次是 Pb、Zn 和 Cu。健康风险评估的结果，即累积危害指数（HI）和累积终生癌症风险（LCR）表明，儿童（平均 HI=1.26，LCR=0.000187）比成人（HI=0.14，LCR=0.0000804）更容易受到 HM 暴露的影响。对于致癌和非致癌风险，摄入似乎是两个年龄段中 HM 暴露的主要途径。令人震惊的是，在所有研究的四种致癌 HM 浓度都高于 1×10（人类允许限值）。这表明，在所有功能区，所有年龄组患癌症的几率都很小。
