Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2023 Jan;82:106769. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106769. Epub 2022 Sep 20.
Stress is a state of disturbed homeostasis evoking a multiplicity of somatic and mental adaptive reactions resulting from any of the 5 freedoms of animals being violated. Many environmental forces disrupt homeostasis in farm animals, such as extreme temperatures, poor nutrition, noise, hunger, and thirst. During stressful situations, neuronal circuits in the limbic system and prefrontal cortex are activated, which lead to the release of adrenalin and noradrenalin. The hormones released during stress are needed for adaptation to acute stress and are regulated by many genes. This review examined molecular regulation, breed differences, and genes involved in stress control in farm animals. Major molecular regulation of stress, such as oxidative, cytosolic heat shock, unfolded protein, and hypoxic responses, were discussed. The responses of various poultry, ruminant, and pig breeds to different stress types were also discussed. Gene expressions and polymorphisms in the neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter pathways were also elucidated. The information obtained from this review will help farmers mitigate stress in farm animals through appropriate breed and gene-assisted selection. Also, information obtained from this review will add to the field of stress genetics since stress is a serious welfare issue in farm animals.
压力是一种内稳态紊乱的状态，会引起多种躯体和心理适应反应，这些反应是由于动物的 5 种自由中的任何一种受到侵犯而产生的。许多环境因素会破坏农场动物的内稳态，例如极端温度、营养不良、噪音、饥饿和口渴。在压力情况下，边缘系统和前额叶皮层的神经元回路被激活，导致肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的释放。压力期间释放的激素对于适应急性压力是必要的，并且受到许多基因的调节。本综述检查了农场动物应激控制中的分子调节、品种差异和相关基因。讨论了主要的应激分子调节，如氧化、细胞质热休克、未折叠蛋白和低氧反应。还讨论了各种家禽、反刍动物和猪品种对不同应激类型的反应。神经内分泌和神经递质途径的基因表达和多态性也得到了阐明。通过适当的品种和基因辅助选择，从本综述中获得的信息将有助于农民减轻农场动物的压力。此外，由于压力是农场动物的一个严重福利问题，因此本综述中的信息将为应激遗传学领域增添新的内容。
