Dantzer R, Mormède P
J Anim Sci. 1983 Jul;57(1):6-18. doi: 10.2527/jas1983.5716.
In animal husbandry, stress has usually been conceived as a reflex reaction that occurs ineluctably when animals are exposed to adverse environmental conditions, and which is the cause of many unfavorable consequences, ranging from discomfort to death. The inadequacy of this view is apparent from the new concepts that have been developed from research aimed at understanding the relationships between hormonal and behavioral reactions to stressful situations. Psychological aspects of environmental stimuli are powerful activators of endocrine responses. The amount of psychological stress that an animal experiences determines how much the pituitary-adrenal axis responds. Indeed, removing the variable of emotional arousal reduces or eliminates responses to some other stressors such as heat and cold. This means that one of the most important characteristics of the stress response, its nonspecificity, lies in the afferent part of the response, not the efferent. Hormonal and behavioral responses are intimately related in stressful situations. In particular, the perception and ensuing behavior of the subject are critical to the nature and intensity of hormonal response. Evidence from experiments in farm animals is presented to support these concepts. Because adjustment abilities are limited by genetics and previous experience, the respective role of each of these factors needs to be delineated more accurately. In addition, most experimental studies have been concerned with acute stress, while chronic multiple stress, which is more likely to be encountered in intensive husbandry, has received little attention. The approach in this field is hampered by the lack of suitable physiological criteria to assess long-term adaptive changes. Opportunities for further research are delineated and the need for a more integrated view of stress reactions in farm animals is emphasized.
在畜牧业中，应激通常被认为是一种反射反应，当动物暴露于不利的环境条件下时不可避免地会发生，并且是许多不良后果的原因，从不适到死亡。从旨在理解对应激情况的激素和行为反应之间关系的研究中发展出的新概念可以明显看出这种观点的不足之处。环境刺激的心理方面是内分泌反应的强大激活剂。动物所经历的心理应激量决定了垂体-肾上腺轴的反应程度。事实上，消除情绪唤醒变量会减少或消除对其他一些应激源（如热和冷）的反应。这意味着应激反应最重要的特征之一，即其非特异性，在于反应的传入部分，而非传出部分。在应激情况下，激素和行为反应密切相关。特别是，主体的感知和随之而来的行为对于激素反应的性质和强度至关重要。本文提供了来自农场动物实验的证据来支持这些概念。由于适应能力受到遗传和先前经验的限制，需要更准确地描述这些因素各自的作用。此外，大多数实验研究都关注急性应激，而在集约化养殖中更可能遇到的慢性多重应激却很少受到关注。该领域的研究方法因缺乏评估长期适应性变化的合适生理标准而受到阻碍。本文阐述了进一步研究的机会，并强调了对农场动物应激反应需要有更综合观点的必要性。
