Gray whale density during seismic surveys near their Sakhalin feeding ground.

Oil and gas development off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, has exposed the western gray whale population on their summer-fall foraging grounds to a range of anthropogenic activities, such as pile driving, dredging, pipeline installation, and seismic surveys. In 2015, the number of seismic surveys within a feeding season surpassed the level of the number and duration of previous seismic survey activities known to have occurred close to the gray whales' feeding ground, with the potential to cause disturbance to their feeding activity. To examine the extent that gray whales were potentially avoiding areas when exposed to seismic and vessel sounds, shore-based teams monitored the abundance and distribution of gray whales from 13 stations that encompassed the known nearshore feeding area. Gray whale density was examined in relation to natural (spatial, temporal, and prey energy) and anthropogenic (cumulative sound exposure from vessel and seismic sounds) explanatory variables using Generalized Additive Models (GAM). Distance from shore, water depth, date, and northing explained a significant amount of variation in gray whale densities. Prey energy from crustaceans, specifically amphipods, isopods, and cumaceans also significantly influenced gray whale densities in the nearshore feeding area. Increasing cumulative exposure to vessel and seismic sounds resulted in both a short- and longer-term decline in gray whale density in an area. This study provides further insights about western gray whale responses to anthropogenic activity in proximity to and within the nearshore feeding area. As the frequency of seismic surveys and other non-oil and gas anthropogenic activity are expected to increase off Sakhalin Island, it is critical to continue to monitor and assess potential impacts on this endangered population of gray whales.