Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2022;192(1):97-124. doi: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.002. Epub 2022 Sep 11.
The respiratory system, like the gut, harbors a vast variety of microorganisms which include bacteria, viruses and fungi. The advent of next generation sequencing and multi-omic approaches has revealed the diversity and functional significances of microorganisms in the respiratory health. It has been identified that there has been a co-evolution of indigenous respiratory microbiota and the human immune system. However, an immune response is usually generated when the homeostasis of the microbiota is disturbed. The respiratory microbiome has been identified to be important in shaping the respiratory immunity. Gut microbiota and oral microbiota are also known to be pivotal in shaping the immune system of the respiratory tract and influence its microbial dynamics. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes have been identified to be predominant in the respiratory system. While, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacteria, and Veillonella forms the major part, potential pathogens, such as Haemophilus and Neisseria, also form a small fraction of the healthy lung microbiome. Dysbiosis of respiratory microbiome can lead to increased colonization of opportunistic pathogens that can lead to respiratory infections such as pneumonia. This chapter describes the microbial diversity of respiratory system and the role of respiratory microbiome during respiratory infections like pneumonia. The chapter also discusses few strategies that have been proved effective in preventing pneumonia.
呼吸系统与肠道类似，栖息着大量的微生物，包括细菌、病毒和真菌。下一代测序和多组学方法的出现揭示了微生物在呼吸道健康中的多样性和功能意义。已经确定，本土呼吸道微生物群与人类免疫系统之间存在共同进化。然而，当微生物群落的平衡被打乱时，通常会引发免疫反应。呼吸道微生物组对于塑造呼吸道免疫具有重要意义。肠道微生物组和口腔微生物组也被认为是塑造呼吸道免疫系统并影响其微生物动态的关键因素。变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门被确定为呼吸系统中的主要菌群。而链球菌属、普雷沃氏菌属、梭杆菌属和韦荣球菌属则构成了主要部分，潜在的病原体，如嗜血杆菌属和奈瑟菌属，也构成了健康肺部微生物组的一小部分。呼吸道微生物组的失调可导致机会性病原体的定植增加，从而导致肺炎等呼吸道感染。本章描述了呼吸系统的微生物多样性以及呼吸道微生物组在肺炎等呼吸道感染中的作用。本章还讨论了一些已被证明有效的预防肺炎的策略。
