The effects of noncontingent reinforcement on an arbitrary response in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris).

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) procedures entail the response-independent, time-based delivery of a reinforcer (e.g., delivery of a reinforcer on a fixed-time 15 s schedule - FT 15 s). Although NCR has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of undesired behaviours in human learners, very few studies have examined it in nonhuman animals. We investigated how NCR with and without extinction (another well-studied behavioural intervention) affected an arbitrary response in companion dogs. The 'stepping on a rug' response was shaped and established in lieu of a problem behaviour in six dogs. Stepping was then exposed to fixed-interval (FI 15 s), fixed-time (FT 15 s), a combination of these schedules of reinforcement (FT 15 s + FI 15 s), and an extinction-only condition. The results indicated that NCR was effective in reducing the target behaviour in three out of the six dogs. These effects were greater in the NCR-with-extinction procedure than in the NCR-without-extinction condition. Future research should investigate the effects of schedule thinning and other schedules of reinforcement (e.g., variable-time schedules) on the behaviour of companion dogs.