Motivations and Specialization of Birders Are Differently Related to Engagement in Citizen Science Projects of Different Complexity.

Citizen Science (CS) projects are an important aspect of scientific data collection and biodiversity conservation. In ornithology, various CS projects exist, and even laypersons can contribute, but advanced birdwatchers also spend considerable time and effort in data collection. Here, different CS projects for birders were analyzed and compared with respect to recreation specialization and motivations for birdwatching. Established, psychometrically valid, and reliable scales were applied in this study. N = 2856 respondents from Austria, Germany, and Switzerland were grouped into no, low, and sustained engagement clusters. Sustained engagement was related to more complex programs, such as the breeding bird census and waterfowl counting. When comparing the engagement clusters, effect sizes were considerable, ranging from 0.098 (attraction) to 0.306 (skill/knowledge). Thus, birders of the three engagement clusters differed significantly in birding specialization, especially skill/knowledge, psychological commitment, social motivations, and the psychological construct centrality to lifestyle. No differences were found in enjoyment and achievement motivations. In conclusion, low-threshold projects are needed to attract participants, but keeping people within programs or moving them to a higher level of engagement might be easier when social dimensions are addressed.