Chan Olivia S K, Lam Wendy W T, Fukuda Keiji, Tun Hein Min, Ohmagari Norio, Littmann Jasper, Zhou Xu Dong, Xiao Yonghong, Liu Ping, Wernli Didier
The School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1 Chome-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Oct 18;11(10):1434. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11101434.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) fundamentally weakens societal foundations economically and in health care. The development of well-considered policies against AMR is important. However, in many places, AMR policy implementation remains elusive. This study aims to identify enablers and deterrents as well as processes and conditions in AMR policy advocacy. It also aims to identify AMR implementation conditions where AMR national policies are adopted and, to a certain extent, formulated and implemented. This study adopts qualitative research methodology and applies the Grounded Theory Framework to identify thematic findings from interviews conducted in China, Japan, Norway, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (US). It was identified that AMR policy protagonists are critical to filtering AMR issues and identifying policies "fit to prioritize" and "fit to implement". They have helped move policy prioritization needles in the UK and the US and engaged in diplomatic efforts in the UK. In these cases, no clientelism was considered. In the US, protagonists who talked to the right decision-makers in the right office at the right time both moved AMR issues from individuals to institutional agenda and from social norms to policy agenda. there are three thematic policy conditions that are significant to AMR policy advocacy and implementation: committed personal championship, institutionalization of policies, and social norms facilitate AMR policy advocacy and implementation.
抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）在经济和医疗保健方面从根本上削弱了社会基础。制定深思熟虑的抗AMR政策很重要。然而，在许多地方，AMR政策的实施仍然难以实现。本研究旨在确定AMR政策倡导中的推动因素和阻碍因素以及过程和条件。它还旨在确定采用、在一定程度上制定和实施AMR国家政策的AMR实施条件。本研究采用定性研究方法，并应用扎根理论框架从在中国、日本、挪威、英国和美国进行的访谈中识别主题性发现。研究发现，AMR政策倡导者对于筛选AMR问题以及确定“适合优先处理”和“适合实施”的政策至关重要。他们推动了英国和美国的政策优先排序，并在英国开展了外交努力。在这些案例中，未考虑裙带关系。在美国，那些在正确的时间与正确办公室的正确决策者交谈的倡导者，既将AMR问题从个人议程转移到机构议程，又从社会规范转移到政策议程。对于AMR政策倡导和实施有三个重要的主题性政策条件：坚定的个人支持、政策的制度化以及社会规范促进AMR政策倡导和实施。
