Guiso Maria Francesca, Battacone Gianni, Canu Linda, Deroma Mario, Langasco Ilaria, Sanna Gavino, Tsiplakou Eleni, Pulina Giuseppe, Nudda Anna
Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Via Enrico de Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Animals (Basel). 2022 Oct 11;12(20):2730. doi: 10.3390/ani12202730.
Colostrum is a major source of immunity in ruminants. It allows the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the fetus, and it is the exclusive source of nutrients for the newborn. The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize the macro and the micro composition of colostrum; (ii) to analyze the antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, and essential and toxic mineral content of colostrum; and (iii) to compare FA profiles and the amount of trace elements between colostrum and mature milk. For these purposes, samples of colostrum and milk were collected from a representative sample of animals from eight sheep dairy farms in the north of Sardinia (Italy). Fat, proteins, and seven essential and toxic minerals were measured in all samples of colostrum and milk. Furthermore, the FA profile was also measured in both matrices, while total antioxidant capacity was measured only in colostrum samples. The average amounts of fat and protein (TP) concentration in colostrum were 7.8% and 16%, respectively. Additionally, an average amount of 40 ± 20 g dm was found for immunoglobulin G (IgG). As regards the antioxidant capacity of colostrum, a large variation was observed between samples from different farms for test 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), which was 30 ± 10% (mean ± standard deviation). High levels of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were found in colostrum (200 µg kg, 25,000 µg kg, and 1200 µg kg, respectively). A strong positive correlation between TP and IgG was observed (r = 91%). In colostrum, the amount of IgG is positively correlated with Se and Zn, as they are essential minerals to the immune system. The FA profile demonstrated higher levels of medium and long chain fatty acids in colostrum than in mature milk, and this is mainly true for arachidonic acid (ARA), ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study provided new information on the quality of colostrum in Sarda dairy sheep and showed the different composition of fatty acids between colostrum and mature milk.
初乳是反刍动物免疫力的主要来源。它能使抗体从母体转移至胎儿，并且是新生动物唯一的营养来源。本研究的目的是：（i）描述初乳的宏观和微观组成；（ii）分析初乳的抗氧化能力、脂肪酸谱以及必需和有毒矿物质含量；（iii）比较初乳和成熟乳之间的脂肪酸谱以及微量元素含量。为此，从意大利撒丁岛北部八个绵羊奶业农场的代表性动物样本中采集了初乳和乳汁样本。对所有初乳和乳汁样本测量了脂肪、蛋白质以及七种必需和有毒矿物质。此外，还测量了两种样本的脂肪酸谱，而总抗氧化能力仅在初乳样本中进行了测量。初乳中脂肪和蛋白质（总蛋白）浓度的平均含量分别为7.8%和16%。此外，免疫球蛋白G（IgG）的平均含量为40±20 g/dm。关于初乳的抗氧化能力，在不同农场的样本中，2,2'-联氮-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）（ABTS）测试结果差异很大，为30±10%（平均值±标准差）。初乳中发现了高水平的硒（Se）、锌（Zn）和铜（Cu）（分别为200μg/kg、25,000μg/kg和1200μg/kg）。观察到总蛋白和免疫球蛋白G之间存在强正相关（r = 91%）。在初乳中，免疫球蛋白G的含量与硒和锌呈正相关，因为它们是免疫系统必需的矿物质。脂肪酸谱显示，初乳中中链和长链脂肪酸的含量高于成熟乳，花生四烯酸（ARA）、二十碳五烯酸（EPA）、二十二碳五烯酸（DPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）尤其如此。本研究提供了关于撒丁岛奶山羊初乳质量的新信息，并显示了初乳和成熟乳之间脂肪酸组成的差异。
