Barbut Shai, Leishman Emily M
Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
Animals (Basel). 2022 Oct 14;12(20):2766. doi: 10.3390/ani12202766.
The poultry meat industry has gone through many changes. It moved from growing dual-purpose birds (meat and egg production) taking ~110 days to reach 1.2 kg 100 years ago, to developing specialized meat breeds that grow to 2.5 kg within ~40 days. It also moved from selling ~80% whole birds to mostly selling cut up and further processed products in the Western world. This necessitated building large, centralized processing plants, capable of processing 15,000 birds per hr on a single line (60 years ago only 2500), that require higher bird uniformity (size, color, texture). Furthermore, consumer demand for convenient products resulted in introducing many cut-up fresh poultry (some companies have 500 SKU) and further processed products (chicken nuggets did not exist 50 years ago). Those developments were possible due to advancements in genetics, nutrition, medicine, and engineering at the farm and processing plant levels. Challenges keep on coming and today a rise in myopathies (e.g., so called woody breast, white striping, spaghetti meat), requires solutions from breeders, farmers, and processing plants, as more automation also requires more uniformity. This review focuses on the changes and challenges to the processing industry segment required to keep supplying high quality poultry to the individual consumer.
家禽肉类行业经历了诸多变革。100年前，该行业养殖兼用型禽类（肉蛋兼产），达到1.2千克体重需要约110天，如今已发展为培育专门的肉用品种，在约40天内就能长到2.5千克。在西方世界，其销售模式也从约80%整只禽销售转变为主要销售分割及深加工产品。这就需要建造大型集中加工厂，单条生产线每小时能加工15000只禽（60年前仅为2500只），这要求禽的一致性更高（大小、颜色、质地）。此外，消费者对方便食品的需求促使许多分割生鲜禽肉产品（有些公司有500种库存单位）和深加工产品（50年前还没有鸡肉块）问世。由于农场和加工厂层面在遗传学、营养、医学及工程学方面的进步，这些发展才得以实现。挑战不断涌现，如今肌病（如所谓的木质胸肉、白条纹、意大利面条状肉）增多，这需要育种者、养殖户和加工厂拿出解决方案，因为更多自动化也需要更高的一致性。本综述聚焦于为持续向个体消费者供应高品质家禽，加工业面临的变化和挑战。
