Geerlings-Batt Jade, Tillett Carley, Gupta Ashu, Sun Zhonghua
Discipline of Medical Radiation Science, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
Curtin HIVE (Hub for Immersive Visualisation and eResearch), Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
Micromachines (Basel). 2022 Oct 10;13(10):1701. doi: 10.3390/mi13101701.
Anatomical knowledge underpins the practice of many healthcare professions. While cadaveric specimens are generally used to demonstrate realistic anatomy, high cost, ethical considerations and limited accessibility can often impede their suitability for use as teaching tools. This study aimed to develop an alternative to traditional teaching methods; a novel teaching tool using augmented reality (AR) and three-dimensional (3D) printed models to accurately demonstrate normal ankle and foot anatomy. An open-source software (3D Slicer) was used to segment a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dataset of a healthy volunteer ankle and produce virtual bone and musculature objects. Bone and musculature were segmented using seed-planting and interpolation functions, respectively. Virtual models were imported into Unity 3D, which was used to develop user interface and achieve interactability prior to export to the Microsoft HoloLens 2. Three life-size models of bony anatomy were printed in yellow polylactic acid and thermoplastic polyurethane, with another model printed in white Visijet SL Flex with a supporting base attached to its plantar aspect. Interactive user interface with functional toggle switches was developed. Object recognition did not function as intended, with adequate tracking and AR superimposition not achieved. The models accurately demonstrate bony foot and ankle anatomy in relation to the associated musculature. Although segmentation outcomes were sufficient, the process was highly time consuming, with effective object recognition tools relatively inaccessible. This may limit the reproducibility of augmented reality learning tools on a larger scale. Research is required to determine the extent to which this tool accurately demonstrates anatomy and ascertain whether use of this tool improves learning outcomes and is effective for teaching anatomy.
解剖学知识是许多医疗保健专业实践的基础。虽然通常使用尸体标本来说明逼真的解剖结构,但高成本、伦理考量和有限的可及性常常会妨碍其作为教学工具的适用性。本研究旨在开发一种传统教学方法的替代方案;一种使用增强现实(AR)和三维(3D)打印模型来准确展示正常踝关节和足部解剖结构的新型教学工具。使用开源软件(3D Slicer)对一名健康志愿者踝关节的高分辨率磁共振成像(MRI)数据集进行分割,生成虚拟骨骼和肌肉组织对象。分别使用种子种植和插值函数对骨骼和肌肉组织进行分割。将虚拟模型导入Unity 3D,用于开发用户界面并实现交互性,然后导出到Microsoft HoloLens 2。用黄色聚乳酸和热塑性聚氨酯打印了三个真人大小的骨骼解剖模型,另一个模型用白色Visijet SL Flex打印,足底附有支撑底座。开发了带有功能切换开关的交互式用户界面。对象识别未按预期运行,未实现充分的跟踪和AR叠加。这些模型准确地展示了与相关肌肉组织相关的足部和踝关节骨骼解剖结构。尽管分割结果足够,但该过程非常耗时,有效的对象识别工具相对难以获取。这可能会限制增强现实学习工具在更大规模上的可重复性。需要进行研究以确定该工具准确展示解剖结构的程度,并确定使用该工具是否能提高学习效果以及对解剖学教学是否有效。
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