Division of Biosciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary, Karnataka, India.
Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2021 Jun;45(3):1005-1011. doi: 10.1007/s00266-020-02110-5. Epub 2021 Jan 19.
In-depth understanding of facial anatomy is the foundation of clinical education and practices. Lately, anatomy education has undergone many changes due to the adoption of integrated medical curriculums. The time allocated to anatomy teaching on occasion been shortened to allow more time for clinical education. Innovation in visual technology such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) has added a new dimension to anatomy education. The authors present a mixed reality virtual face model to facilitate complex anatomy teaching using Microsoft HoloLens in various educational settings.
Close-range photogrammetry technique was utilised to construct a virtual face using a dissected fresh-frozen cephalus. Scanning was undertaken using DSLR cameras, capable of capturing ten frames per second, in ten different angles on the dissected side and four for the undissected side. The images of the entire cephalous were also separately captured in twenty different angles. These images were processed using software to reconstruct the three-dimensional virtual face.
The virtual face using a mixed reality platform was able to demonstrate individual layers of the face and relevant clinically significant structures clearly with interactive labelling. Face and the content validity by 12 experts (plastic surgeons and dermatologists) demonstrated strong inter-rater reliability expressed as interclass correlation coefficient.
An immersive experience by using Microsoft HoloLens provides an accurate 3D perception of the face to enhance anatomy learning. This can be utilised in undergraduate, postgraduate and continued medical education as an additional teaching tool in the constraints of cadaveric dissection.
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深入了解面部解剖结构是临床教育和实践的基础。最近，由于采用了综合医学课程，解剖学教育发生了许多变化。有时，为了给临床教育腾出更多时间，分配给解剖教学的时间被缩短了。虚拟现实 (VR)、增强现实 (AR) 和混合现实 (MR) 等视觉技术的创新为解剖学教育增添了新维度。作者利用 Microsoft HoloLens 在各种教育环境中展示了一种混合现实虚拟人脸模型，以促进复杂的解剖教学。
利用近景摄影测量技术，使用解剖的新鲜冷冻头颅构建虚拟人脸。使用能够每秒拍摄十张照片的数码单反相机，在解剖侧拍摄十个不同角度，在未解剖侧拍摄四个角度。整个头颅的图像也分别以二十个不同角度拍摄。使用软件处理这些图像以重建三维虚拟人脸。
使用混合现实平台的虚拟人脸能够清晰地展示面部的各个层和相关的临床显著结构，并带有交互式标签。12 名专家（整形外科医生和皮肤科医生）对面部和内容的有效性进行评估，表现出很强的组内相关系数。
使用 Microsoft HoloLens 进行沉浸式体验可提供对人脸的准确 3D 感知，从而增强解剖学学习。这可以在本科、研究生和继续医学教育中用作除尸体解剖外的额外教学工具。
证据水平 V：本期刊要求作者为每篇文章分配一个证据水平。有关这些循证医学评级的完整描述，请参阅目录或在线作者指南 www.springer.com/00266 。
