Kashtoh Hamdy, Baek Kwang-Hyun
Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
Plants (Basel). 2022 Oct 14;11(20):2722. doi: 10.3390/plants11202722.
Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder marked by unusually high plasma glucose levels, which can lead to serious consequences such as retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy and cardiovascular disease. One of the most efficient ways to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) in diabetes mellitus, especially insulin-independent diabetes mellitus, is to lower the amount of glucose that is absorbed by inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in the digestive system, such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase. α-Glucosidase is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the final stage of carbohydrate digestion. As a result, α-glucosidase inhibitors can slow D-glucose release from complex carbohydrates and delay glucose absorption, resulting in lower postprandial plasma glucose levels and control of PPHG. Many attempts have been made in recent years to uncover efficient α-glucosidase inhibitors from natural sources to build a physiologic functional diet or lead compound for diabetes treatment. Many phytoconstituent α-glucosidase inhibitors have been identified from plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides and others. The current review focuses on the most recent updates on different traditional/medicinal plant extracts and isolated compounds' biological activity that can help in the development of potent therapeutic medications with greater efficacy and safety for the treatment of type 2 diabetes or to avoid PPHG. For this purpose, we provide a summary of the latest scientific literature findings on plant extracts as well as plant-derived bioactive compounds as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors with hypoglycemic effects. Moreover, the review elucidates structural insights of the key drug target, α-glucosidase enzymes, and its interaction with different inhibitors.
糖尿病是一种常见的代谢紊乱疾病，其特征是血浆葡萄糖水平异常升高，可导致严重后果，如视网膜病变、糖尿病神经病变和心血管疾病。降低糖尿病尤其是非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病餐后高血糖（PPHG）的最有效方法之一，是通过抑制消化系统中的碳水化合物水解酶，如α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶，来减少葡萄糖的吸收量。α-葡萄糖苷酶是催化碳水化合物消化最后阶段的关键酶。因此，α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂可减缓复合碳水化合物中D-葡萄糖的释放并延迟葡萄糖吸收，从而降低餐后血浆葡萄糖水平并控制PPHG。近年来，人们进行了许多尝试，从天然来源中寻找有效的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂，以构建生理功能饮食或用于糖尿病治疗的先导化合物。已从植物中鉴定出许多植物成分的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂，包括生物碱、黄酮类化合物、花青素、萜类化合物、酚类化合物、糖苷等。本综述重点关注不同传统/药用植物提取物和分离化合物的生物活性的最新进展，这些进展有助于开发出疗效更高、安全性更好的治疗2型糖尿病或避免PPHG的有效治疗药物。为此，我们总结了关于植物提取物以及植物来源的具有降血糖作用的生物活性化合物作为潜在α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的最新科学文献发现。此外，本综述阐明了关键药物靶点α-葡萄糖苷酶的结构见解及其与不同抑制剂的相互作用。
