Bai Ye, Zhang Min, Cui Huijie, Shan Xuefeng, Gu Dongqing, Wang Yutong, Tang Mingshuang, Wang Xin, Jiang Xia, Zhang Ben
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Front Nutr. 2022 Oct 10;9:940689. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.940689. eCollection 2022.
Previous studies have suggested associations between addictive behavior and gallstone disease (GSD) risk, yet conflicting results exist. It also remains unclear whether this association is causal or due to confounding or reverse associations. The present study aims to systematically analyze the epidemiological evidence for these associations, as well as estimate the potential causal relationships using Mendelian randomization (MR).
We analyzed four common addictive behaviors, including cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, coffee, and tea consumption ( = 126,906-4,584,729 participants) in this meta-analysis based on longitudinal studies. The two-sample MR was conducted using summary data from genome-wide associations with European ancestry (up to 1.2 million individuals).
An observational association of GSD risk was identified for smoking [RR: 1.17 (95% CI: 1.06-1.29)], drinking alcohol [0.84 (0.78-0.91)], consuming coffee [0.86 (0.79-0.93)], and tea [1.08 (1.04-1.12)]. Also, there was a linear relationship between smoking (pack-years), alcohol drinking (days per week), coffee consumption (cups per day), and GSD risk. Our MRs supported a causality of GSD incidence with lifetime smoking [1.008 (1.003-1.013), = 0.001], current smoking [1.007 (1.002-1.011), = 0.004], problematic alcohol use (PAU) [1.014 (1.001-1.026), = 0.029], decaffeinated coffee intake (1.127 [1.043-1.217], = 0.002), as well as caffeine-metabolism [0.997 (0.995-0.999), = 0.013], and tea consumption [0.990 (0.982-0.997), = 0.008], respectively.
Our study suggests cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, and decaffeinated coffee are causal risk factors for GSD, whereas tea consumption can decrease the risk of gallstones due to the effect of caffeine metabolism or polyphenol intake.
先前的研究表明成瘾行为与胆结石疾病（GSD）风险之间存在关联，但结果相互矛盾。这种关联是因果关系、还是由于混杂因素或反向关联导致的，目前仍不清楚。本研究旨在系统分析这些关联的流行病学证据，并使用孟德尔随机化（MR）估计潜在的因果关系。
在这项基于纵向研究的荟萃分析中，我们分析了四种常见的成瘾行为，包括吸烟、饮酒、咖啡和茶的消费（参与者 = 126,906 - 4,584,729）。使用来自欧洲血统全基因组关联研究的汇总数据（多达120万人）进行两样本MR分析。
确定了吸烟[RR：1.17（95%CI：1.06 - 1.29）]、饮酒[0.84（0.78 - 0.91）]、饮用咖啡[0.86（0.79 - 0.93）]和茶[1.08（1.04 - 1.12）]与GSD风险之间的观察性关联。此外，吸烟（包年数）、饮酒（每周天数）、咖啡消费（每天杯数）与GSD风险之间存在线性关系。我们的MR分析支持终生吸烟[1.008（1.003 - 1.013），P = 0.001]、当前吸烟[1.007（1.002 - 1.011），P = 0.004]、问题性饮酒（PAU）[1.014（1.001 - 1.026），P = 0.029]、脱咖啡因咖啡摄入量（1.127 [1.043 - 1.217]，P = 0.002）、咖啡因代谢[0.997（0.995 - 0.999）P = 0.013]以及茶消费[0.990（0.982 - 0.997），P = 0.008]分别与GSD发病率存在因果关系。
我们的研究表明，吸烟、酗酒和脱咖啡因咖啡是GSD的因果风险因素，而茶的消费由于咖啡因代谢或多酚摄入的影响可以降低胆结石的风险。
