Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
Mikrochim Acta. 2022 Oct 28;189(11):434. doi: 10.1007/s00604-022-05536-7.
The cornerstone of nanomaterial-based sensing systems is the synthesis of nanoparticles with appropriate surface functionalization that ensures their stability and determines their reactivity with organic or inorganic analytes. To accomplish these requirements, various compounds are used as additives or growth factors to regulate the properties of the synthesized nanoparticles and their reactivity with the target analytes. A different rationale is to use the target analytes as additives or growth agents to control the formation and properties of nanoparticles. The main difference is that the analyte recognition event occurs before or during the formation of nanoparticles and it is based on the reactivity of the analytes with the precursor materials of the nanoparticles (e.g., metal ions, reducing agents, and coatings). The transition from the ionic (or molecular) state of the precursor materials to ordered nanostructured assemblies is used for sensing and signal transduction for the qualitative detection and the quantitative determination of the target analytes, respectively. This review focuses on assays that are based on analyte-mediated regulation of nanoparticles' formation and differentiate them from standard nanoparticle-based assays which rely on pre-synthesized nanoparticles. Firstly, the principles of analyte-mediated nanomaterial sensors are described and then they are discussed with emphasis on the sensing strategies, the signal transduction mechanisms, and their applications. Finally, the main advantages, as well as the limitations of this approach, are discussed and compared with assays that rely on pre-synthesized nanoparticles in order to highlight the major advances accomplished with this type of nano-sensors and elucidate challenges and opportunities for further evolving new nano-sensing strategies.
基于纳米材料的传感系统的基石是合成具有适当表面功能化的纳米粒子，这确保了它们的稳定性，并决定了它们与有机或无机分析物的反应性。为了实现这些要求，各种化合物被用作添加剂或生长因子，以调节合成纳米粒子的性质及其与目标分析物的反应性。另一种不同的原理是使用目标分析物作为添加剂或生长剂来控制纳米粒子的形成和性质。主要区别在于，分析物的识别事件发生在纳米粒子形成之前或期间，并且基于分析物与纳米粒子的前体材料（例如金属离子、还原剂和涂层）的反应性。从前驱体材料的离子（或分子）状态到有序的纳米结构组装的转变用于定性检测和定量测定目标分析物的传感和信号转导。本综述重点介绍基于分析物介导的纳米粒子形成调控的分析方法，并将其与依赖于预合成纳米粒子的标准纳米粒子基分析方法区分开来。首先，描述了分析物介导的纳米材料传感器的原理，然后重点讨论了它们的传感策略、信号转导机制及其应用。最后，讨论了这种方法的主要优点和局限性，并与依赖于预合成纳米粒子的分析方法进行了比较，以便突出这种类型的纳米传感器所取得的主要进展，并阐明进一步发展新的纳米传感策略的挑战和机遇。
