The time course of lexical and sublexical phonological activation in Chinese written production.

The time course of sublexical processing in written production is scarcely investigated due to transparent sound-to-spelling correspondence in most alphabetical languages. By taking advantage of the opaque orthography of Chinese, we were able to dissociatively manipulate sublexical relatedness and lexical relatedness in a picture-word interference task. The ERP technique was also used to provide a fine-grained time course of sublexical processing. Participants were asked to handwrite picture names while ignoring distractors overlain on the pictures. Distractors were phonologically related to the picture names (lexically related), phonologically related to the phonetic radicals of picture names (sublexically related), or unrelated to picture names. ERP results revealed that sublexical relatedness affected ERPs in the time window of 370-470 ms after picture onset, which was later than the early time window (200-260 ms) of the effect of lexical relatedness. We suggest that the sublexical phonological activation happens in the stages of sublexical POC procedure and/or the graphemic output buffer in written production. The relatively later time window of the sublexical effect is consistent with the later loci of the sublexical processes in the model of written production.