A systematic literature review on the economic impact of endemic disease in UK sheep and cattle using a One Health conceptualisation.

Endemic sheep and cattle diseases represent a constant strain and impact to animal health and welfare, the environment, public health, and the economy. Quantifying this impact helps to inform decisions on surveillance and control of livestock diseases. This systematic literature review had two objectives; to describe the economic impact of endemic sheep and cattle diseases in the United Kingdom using a broad conceptualisation of impact, and to investigate what variables (e.g. medication costs, loss of production) and methods are included in these calculations. The Prisma protocol for systematic literature reviews was followed. Searches were performed in Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science using selected and trialled search terms. A total of 1129 papers were identified and screened for relevancy; 38 papers were selected for full review extracting and analysing data on disease, impact and methods. From this final selection of papers it was found that; 1) research in this area is mainly focused on the dairy sub-sector, 2) the most mentioned diseases were mastitis and lameness in dairy cattle; bovine viral diarrhoea in beef cattle; and ectoparasites in sheep with reported animal-level costs of £ 77-£ 548/cow/year, £ 26-£ 185/bovine animal/year and £ 40-£ 47/ewe/year, respectively, 3) numerous methods and variables were used to calculate or estimate the economic impact with most studies focussing on the direct producer impacts and less on the wider implications and affected stakeholders; and 4) it was common for studies to look at one disease in isolation rather than consider disease impact on the farm as a whole. It is recommended that future economic impact calculations on livestock disease include wider implications to estimate the true cost of disease. To generate the necessary data, a wider, more inclusive conceptualisation of impact will be needed to support the collection of data and facilitate communication between stakeholders. Systematic health data recording combined with assessment calculations and metrics that allow comparability within or across livestock sub-sectors will increase the informative value of these impact calculations.