Richard Jérémie, King Serena M
Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Department of Psychology, Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2023 Apr;64(4):645-688. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13713. Epub 2022 Nov 8.
The risk for problematic gambling and associated high-risk behaviors is elevated during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Activities with gambling-like features and novel forms of gambling may place youth at an increased risk for problem gambling.
The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the association between both activities with gambling-like features and novel gambling activities and problem gambling among youth while examining the role of psychopathology and cognitive processes. Six databases (PsychINFO, MEDLINE, PubMed, Social Work Abstracts, Technology Collection, and Scopus) were searched in November 2021 for peer-reviewed articles investigating the association between the aforementioned variables among youth up to the age of 25 years. Risk of bias was assessed using the Observational Study Quality Evaluation.
Forty-five articles were included in the review. Positive associations were observed between engagement in activities with gambling-like features (e.g., video games, social casino games, loot boxes) and problem gambling. Increased involvement with novel forms of gambling (e.g., online sports betting, fantasy sports, and esports betting) were also associated with a greater risk for problematic gambling. Males reported higher rates of engagement in these activities and a greater risk of problem gambling than females. Impulsivity, risk taking, cognitive distortions, and specific emotional vulnerabilities were associated with an increased risk of problem gambling.
Despite the need for additional longitudinal research controlling for relevant confounders, these findings underline how engagement in activities with gambling-like features are relevant in the developmental trajectory toward problem gambling.
在青少年期和成年早期，问题赌博及相关高风险行为的风险会升高。具有赌博特征的活动和新型赌博形式可能会使青少年面临更高的问题赌博风险。
本综述的目的是概述具有赌博特征的活动和新型赌博活动与青少年问题赌博之间的关联，同时考察精神病理学和认知过程的作用。2021年11月，检索了六个数据库（心理学文摘数据库、医学期刊数据库、医学文献数据库、社会工作摘要数据库、技术文集数据库和Scopus数据库），以查找同行评审的文章，这些文章研究了25岁及以下青少年中上述变量之间的关联。使用观察性研究质量评估法评估偏倚风险。
本综述纳入了45篇文章。观察到参与具有赌博特征的活动（如电子游戏、社交赌场游戏、开箱抽奖）与问题赌博之间存在正相关。更多地参与新型赌博形式（如在线体育博彩、梦幻体育和电子竞技博彩）也与更高的问题赌博风险相关。男性参与这些活动的比例高于女性，且问题赌博风险也更高。冲动性、冒险行为、认知扭曲和特定的情绪易感性与问题赌博风险增加有关。
尽管需要进行更多控制相关混杂因素的纵向研究，但这些发现凸显了参与具有赌博特征的活动在问题赌博发展轨迹中的相关性。
