Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Estado de México, Av. Lago de Guadalupe KM 3.5, Margarita Maza de Juárez, Cd. López Mateos, Atizapán de Zaragoza 52926, Mexico.
Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), Mexico City 07340, Mexico.
Biosensors (Basel). 2022 Nov 2;12(11):962. doi: 10.3390/bios12110962.
Metamaterials are broadly defined as artificial, electromagnetically homogeneous structures that exhibit unusual physical properties that are not present in nature. They possess extraordinary capabilities to bend electromagnetic waves. Their size, shape and composition can be engineered to modify their characteristics, such as iridescence, color shift, absorbance at different wavelengths, etc., and harness them as biosensors. Metamaterial construction from biological sources such as carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids represents a low-cost alternative, rendering high quantities and yields. In addition, the malleability of these biomaterials makes it possible to fabricate an endless number of structured materials such as composited nanoparticles, biofilms, nanofibers, quantum dots, and many others, with very specific, invaluable and tremendously useful optical characteristics. The intrinsic characteristics observed in biomaterials make them suitable for biomedical applications. This review addresses the optical characteristics of metamaterials obtained from the major macromolecules found in nature: carbohydrates, proteins and DNA, highlighting their biosensor field use, and pointing out their physical properties and production paths.
超材料被广泛定义为具有人工电磁均匀结构的材料，它们表现出自然界中不存在的异常物理特性。它们具有弯曲电磁波的非凡能力。其大小、形状和组成可以进行工程设计以改变其特性，例如虹彩、颜色位移、在不同波长下的吸收率等，并将其用作生物传感器。来自碳水化合物、蛋白质和核酸等生物来源的超材料结构代表了一种低成本的替代方案，可以大量生产。此外，这些生物材料的可塑性使得可以制造无数种结构材料，例如复合纳米粒子、生物膜、纳米纤维、量子点等，具有非常特定、宝贵和非常有用的光学特性。在生物材料中观察到的固有特性使它们适合于生物医学应用。本文综述了从自然界中发现的主要大分子（碳水化合物、蛋白质和 DNA）获得的超材料的光学特性，重点介绍了它们在生物传感器领域的应用，并指出了它们的物理特性和生产途径。
