Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospecting, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal.
Mar Drugs. 2022 Oct 25;20(11):662. doi: 10.3390/md20110662.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and progressive disease, which affects millions of people around the world. Despite the many efforts over the years to find efficient therapeutics, there is no cure yet. Nonetheless, many compounds have been proven to decrease Alzheimer's symptoms. After a short overview of the hypotheses considered in AD drug development and the drugs approved for AD treatment, which lead to symptom release, we focus on the valorization of natural marine sources that decrease AD symptoms, particularly on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an important component in membrane phospholipids and the most abundant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) found in gray matter of the brain and in retina and on the DHA-containing phospholipids (DHA-PLs) present in marine sources, namely fish, krill, mollusks and in fisheries and aquaculture by-products. DHA-PLs' bioactivities are presented, namely their properties in anti-neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, as anticancer agents, as well as their benefits to obesity and visual problems. Fisheries and aquaculture by-products are also highlighted as they have a high content of DHA and DHA-rich phospholipids, can be extracted by green methodologies and should be considered in a circular economy for a healthy sustainable future.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种复杂且进展性的疾病，影响着全球数百万人。尽管多年来人们做出了许多努力来寻找有效的治疗方法，但目前仍没有治愈方法。尽管如此，许多化合物已被证明可以减轻阿尔茨海默病的症状。在简要概述 AD 药物开发中考虑的假说和批准用于 AD 治疗的药物（可缓解症状）之后，我们专注于评估天然海洋资源的价值，这些资源可以减轻 AD 症状，特别是二十二碳六烯酸（DHA），它是膜磷脂的重要组成部分，也是大脑灰质和视网膜中含量最丰富的 n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA），以及存在于海洋来源中的含 DHA 的磷脂（DHA-PLs），即鱼类、磷虾、软体动物以及渔业和水产养殖的副产品。介绍了 DHA-PLs 的生物活性，即它们在抗神经退行性变、神经炎症、抗癌剂方面的特性，以及它们对肥胖和视力问题的益处。渔业和水产养殖的副产品也被强调，因为它们含有丰富的 DHA 和富含 DHA 的磷脂，可以通过绿色方法提取，并且应该在循环经济中考虑，以实现健康可持续的未来。
