Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt.
Cells. 2022 Nov 2;11(21):3476. doi: 10.3390/cells11213476.
Stem cells are a versatile source for cell therapy. Their use is particularly significant for the treatment of neurological disorders for which no definitive conventional medical treatment is available. Neurological disorders are of diverse etiology and pathogenesis. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by abnormal protein deposits, leading to progressive dementia. Parkinson's disease (PD) is due to the specific degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons causing motor and sensory impairment. Huntington's disease (HD) includes a transmittable gene mutation, and any treatment should involve gene modulation of the transplanted cells. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder affecting multiple neurons sporadically but induces progressive neuronal dysfunction. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) impacts upper and lower motor neurons, leading to progressive muscle degeneration. This shows the need to try to tailor different types of cells to repair the specific defect characteristic of each disease. In recent years, several types of stem cells were used in different animal models, including transgenic animals of various neurologic disorders. Based on some of the successful animal studies, some clinical trials were designed and approved. Some studies were successful, others were terminated and, still, a few are ongoing. In this manuscript, we aim to review the current information on both the experimental and clinical trials of stem cell therapy in neurological disorders of various disease mechanisms. The different types of cells used, their mode of transplantation and the molecular and physiologic effects are discussed. Recommendations for future use and hopes are highlighted.
干细胞是细胞治疗的多能来源。对于那些尚无明确常规治疗方法的神经紊乱疾病，它们的应用尤为重要。神经紊乱疾病病因和发病机制多样。阿尔茨海默病（AD）由异常蛋白沉积引起，导致进行性痴呆。帕金森病（PD）是由于特定的多巴胺能神经元退化导致运动和感觉障碍。亨廷顿病（HD）包括可传播的基因突变，任何治疗都应涉及对移植细胞的基因调节。多发性硬化症（MS）是一种影响多个神经元的自身免疫性疾病，呈散发性，但会导致进行性神经元功能障碍。肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）影响上下运动神经元，导致进行性肌肉退化。这表明需要尝试针对每种疾病的特定缺陷来定制不同类型的细胞进行修复。近年来，多种类型的干细胞已在不同的动物模型中使用，包括各种神经紊乱疾病的转基因动物。基于一些成功的动物研究，设计并批准了一些临床试验。一些研究取得了成功，另一些则被终止，还有一些仍在进行中。在本文中，我们旨在综述不同疾病机制的神经紊乱疾病的干细胞治疗的实验和临床试验的最新信息。讨论了使用的不同类型的细胞、它们的移植方式以及分子和生理效应。强调了对未来应用的建议和希望。
