Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry Ltd., Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia.
Molecules. 2022 Nov 7;27(21):7651. doi: 10.3390/molecules27217651.
Domesticated international (standard) apple cultivars, together with resistant apple cultivars are the core of the Serbian apple production. Furthermore, autochthonous cultivars are characterized by a good adaptability to the local environmental conditions and represent a valuable source of genetic variability, as well as an important source of the gene pool for further breeding programs. Additionally, they show a higher phenolic content and a stronger antioxidant activity, in comparison to commercial cultivars. Therefore, they are more likely to be used as a functional food. The subjects of this study were seventeen samples of fruits and leaves from autochthonous apple cultivars, five international standard cultivars, and six resistant apple cultivars. The phenolic profile was determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), coupled with a diode array detector and a TSQ Quantum Access Max triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. A total of twenty compounds were quantified in the samples. Most of the analyzed phenolics were detected in higher amounts in the peel, compared to the mesocarp. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicate that 5--caffeoylquinic acid is present in the highest amount in the mesocarp, while in the peel and leaves, quercetin-glycosides were detected in the highest amount. According to the MANOVA: phloretin, phlorizin, 5--caffeoylquinic acid, kaempferol, and -coumaric acid are present in significantly higher levels in the autochthonous cultivars, compared to the standard and resistant ones (in both fruits and leaves). Therefore, these compounds can be used as chemical tracers of the apple varietal origin.
国内（国际标准）苹果栽培品种与抗性苹果品种是塞尔维亚苹果生产的核心。此外，乡土品种具有良好的适应本地环境条件的能力，是遗传变异的宝贵来源，也是进一步育种计划基因库的重要来源。此外，与商业品种相比，它们表现出更高的酚含量和更强的抗氧化活性。因此，它们更有可能被用作功能性食品。本研究的对象是 17 个来自乡土苹果品种的果实和叶片样本、5 个国际标准品种和 6 个抗性苹果品种。使用超高效液相色谱（UHPLC），结合二极管阵列检测器和 TSQ Quantum Access Max 三重四极杆质谱仪，测定了酚类物质的图谱。共对 20 种化合物进行了定量分析。与中果皮相比，大多数分析出的酚类物质在果皮中的含量更高。方差分析（MANOVA）的多元分析结果表明，5--咖啡酰奎宁酸在中果皮中的含量最高，而在果皮和叶片中，槲皮苷的含量最高。根据 MANOVA：根皮苷、根皮素、5--咖啡酰奎宁酸、山奈酚和 -咖啡酸在乡土品种中的含量明显高于标准品种和抗性品种（在果实和叶片中）。因此，这些化合物可以作为苹果品种起源的化学示踪剂。
