Regenera Moléculas do Mar, Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente-CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Feb;30(10):26435-26444. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-24016-2. Epub 2022 Nov 11.
Biofouling is responsible for structural and economic damage to man-made surfaces. Antifouling paints with biocides have been applied to structures to avoid organism adhesion; however, they have high toxicity and are not able to prevent all biofouling processes, necessitating the periodic mechanical removal of organisms and paint reapplication. Thus, there is an urgent demand for novel, effective, and environmentally friendly antifouling alternatives. As isonitrosoacetanilide is the precursor for many compounds with antibacterial activity, we believe that it could have antifouling activity against microfouling and, consequently, against macrofouling. The aim of this work was to investigate the antifouling potential of six isonitrosoacetanilide compounds and their toxicity. The compounds were employed at different concentrations (0.625-1.25-2.5-5-10 µg mL) in this study. The biofilm and planktonic bacteria inhibition and biofilm eradication potential were evaluated by crystal violet assay, while Amphibalus amphitrite barnacle settlement was evaluated by cyprid settlement assay. Toxicity evaluation (LC and EC) was performed with A. amphitrite nauplii II and cyprid larvae. At least one of the tested concentrations of 4-Br-INA, 4-CH-INA, and 2-Br-INA compounds showed nontoxic antifouling activity against microfouling (antibiofilm) and macrofouling (antisettlement). However, only 4-CH-INA and 2-Br-INA also showed biofilm eradication potential. These compounds with antibiofilm activity and nontoxic effects could be combined with acrylic base paint resin or added directly into commercial paints in place of toxicant biocides to cover artificial structures as friendly antifouling agents.
生物污垢会对人造表面造成结构和经济上的破坏。为了防止生物附着，人们将含有杀生物剂的防污涂料应用于结构物上；然而，这些涂料毒性高，无法防止所有的生物污垢过程，需要定期机械去除生物和重新应用涂料。因此，迫切需要新型、有效和环保的防污替代品。由于异亚硝基乙酰苯胺是许多具有抗菌活性的化合物的前体，我们相信它可能对微污垢具有防污活性，因此也对大生物污垢具有防污活性。本工作旨在研究六种异亚硝基乙酰苯胺化合物的防污潜力及其毒性。在本研究中，这些化合物以不同浓度（0.625-1.25-2.5-5-10μg/mL）使用。通过结晶紫法评估了生物膜和浮游细菌的抑制和生物膜清除潜力，而 Amphibalus amphitrite 藤壶幼体的附着则通过藤壶附着试验进行评估。使用 A. amphitrite 无节幼体 II 和藤壶幼虫进行了毒性评估（LC 和 EC）。至少有一个测试浓度的 4-Br-INA、4-CH-INA 和 2-Br-INA 化合物对微污垢（抗生物膜）和大生物污垢（抗附着）表现出非毒性的防污活性。然而，只有 4-CH-INA 和 2-Br-INA 还具有生物膜清除潜力。这些具有抗生物膜活性和无毒作用的化合物可以与丙烯酸基涂料树脂结合，或直接添加到商业涂料中，以替代有毒的杀生物剂，作为友好的防污剂覆盖人造结构。
