Gržinić Goran, Piotrowicz-Cieślak Agnieszka, Klimkowicz-Pawlas Agnieszka, Górny Rafał L, Ławniczek-Wałczyk Anna, Piechowicz Lidia, Olkowska Ewa, Potrykus Marta, Tankiewicz Maciej, Krupka Magdalena, Siebielec Grzegorz, Wolska Lidia
Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland.
Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Feb 1;858(Pt 3):160014. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160014. Epub 2022 Nov 9.
Poultry farming is one of the most efficient animal husbandry methods and it provides nutritional security to a significant number of the world population. Using modern intensive farming techniques, global production has reached 133.4 mil. t in 2020, with a steady growth each year. Such intensive growth methods however lead to a significant environmental footprint. Waste materials such as poultry litter and manure can pose a serious threat to environmental and human health, and need to be managed properly. Poultry production and waste by-products are linked to NH, NO and CH emissions, and have an impact on global greenhouse gas emissions, as well as animal and human health. Litter and manure can contain pesticide residues, microorganisms, pathogens, pharmaceuticals (antibiotics), hormones, metals, macronutrients (at improper ratios) and other pollutants which can lead to air, soil and water contamination as well as formation of antimicrobial/multidrug resistant strains of pathogens. Dust emitted from intensive poultry production operations contains feather and skin fragments, faeces, feed particles, microorganisms and other pollutants, which can adversely impact poultry health as well as the health of farm workers and nearby inhabitants. Fastidious odours are another problem that can have an adverse impact on health and quality of life of workers and surrounding population. This study discusses the current knowledge on the impact of intensive poultry farming on environmental and human health, as well as taking a look at solutions for a sustainable future.
家禽养殖是最有效的畜牧业方法之一，它为世界上大量人口提供了营养保障。运用现代集约化养殖技术，2020年全球家禽产量达到1.334亿吨，且每年稳步增长。然而，这种集约化增长方式会产生巨大的环境足迹。家禽粪便等废弃物会对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁，需要妥善管理。家禽生产和废弃物副产品与氨、氮氧化物和甲烷排放有关，对全球温室气体排放以及动物和人类健康都有影响。粪便可能含有农药残留、微生物、病原体、药物（抗生素）、激素、金属、大量营养素（比例不当）和其他污染物，这些会导致空气、土壤和水污染，以及形成抗微生物/多重耐药病原体菌株。集约化家禽养殖作业排放的灰尘含有羽毛和皮肤碎片、粪便、饲料颗粒、微生物和其他污染物，会对家禽健康以及农场工人和附近居民的健康产生不利影响。刺鼻气味是另一个问题，会对工人和周围居民的健康及生活质量产生不利影响。本研究讨论了关于集约化家禽养殖对环境和人类健康影响的现有知识，并探讨了实现可持续未来的解决方案。
