Mwangi Victor Irungu, Martinez Erika Gomez, Leda Rejane Lima, Catunda Maria Eugenia S L A, Dias Andiana de Souza, Padron Antonio Yuliana, Guerra Maria das Graças V B
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Dom Pedro 1, Manaus, AM CEP 69040-000, Brasil.
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Dom Pedro 1, Manaus, AM CEP 69040-000, Brasil.
Acta Trop. 2023 Feb;238:106745. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106745. Epub 2022 Nov 12.
Triatomines are an important group of insects in the Americas. They serve as transmission vectors for Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent responsible for the deadly Chagas disease in humans. The digenetic parasite has a complex life cycle, alternating between mammalian and insect hosts, facing different environments. In the insect vector, the metacyclic trypomastigote (non-replicative) and epimastigote (replicative) stages face a set of insect-mediated environmental changes, such as intestinal pH, body temperature, nutrient availability, and vector immune response. These insects have the ability to differentiate between self and non-self-particles using their innate immune system. This immune system comprises physical barriers, cellular responses (phagocytosis, nodules and encapsulation), humoral factors, including effector mechanisms (antimicrobial peptides and prophenoloxidase cascade) and the intestinal microbiota. Here, we consolidate and synthesize the available literature to describe the defense mechanisms deployed by the triatomine vector against the parasite, as documented in recent years, the possible mechanisms developed by the parasite to protect against the insect's specific microenvironment and innate immune responses, and future perspectives on the Triatomine-Trypanosome interaction.
锥蝽是美洲一类重要的昆虫。它们是克氏锥虫的传播媒介，克氏锥虫是导致人类致命恰加斯病的病原体。这种双宿主寄生虫具有复杂的生命周期，在哺乳动物宿主和昆虫宿主之间交替，面临不同的环境。在昆虫媒介中，循环后期锥鞭毛体（非复制型）和前鞭毛体（复制型）阶段面临一系列昆虫介导的环境变化，如肠道pH值、体温、营养可用性和媒介免疫反应。这些昆虫能够利用其先天免疫系统区分自身和非自身颗粒。这个免疫系统包括物理屏障、细胞反应（吞噬作用、形成结节和包囊）、体液因子，包括效应机制（抗菌肽和酚氧化酶原级联反应）以及肠道微生物群。在此，我们整合并综合现有文献，以描述近年来记录的锥蝽媒介针对寄生虫所采用的防御机制、寄生虫为抵御昆虫的特定微环境和先天免疫反应而可能形成的机制，以及锥蝽 - 锥虫相互作用的未来展望。
