Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.
Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.
Front Immunol. 2022 Nov 3;13:1006939. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006939. eCollection 2022.
A crucial factor for the development of inflammatory autoimmune diseases is the occurrence of antibodies directed against self-tissues and structures, which leads to damage and inflammation. While little is known about the cause of the development of mis-directed, disease-specific T and B cells and resulting IgG autoantibody responses, there is increasing evidence that their induction can occur years before disease symptoms appear. However, a certain proportion of healthy individuals express specific IgG autoantibodies without disease symptoms and not all subjects who generate autoantibodies may develop disease symptoms. Thus, the development of inflammatory autoimmune diseases seems to involve two steps. Increasing evidence suggests that harmless self-directed T and B cell and resulting IgG autoantibody responses in the pre-autoimmune disease stage might switch to more inflammatory T and B cell and IgG autoantibody responses that trigger the inflammatory autoimmune disease stage. Here, we summarize findings on the transition from the pre-disease to the disease stage and vice versa, e.g. by pregnancy and treatment, with a focus on low-/anti-inflammatory versus pro-inflammatory IgG autoantibody responses, including IgG subclass and Fc glycosylation features. Characterization of biomarkers that identify the transition from the pre-disease to the disease stage might facilitate recognition of the ideal time point of treatment initiation and the development of therapeutic strategies for re-directing inflammatory autoimmune conditions.
炎症性自身免疫性疾病发展的一个关键因素是针对自身组织和结构的抗体的出现,这导致了损伤和炎症。虽然对于导致定向错误、疾病特异性 T 和 B 细胞以及由此产生的 IgG 自身抗体反应的原因知之甚少,但越来越多的证据表明,它们的诱导可以在疾病症状出现多年前发生。然而,一定比例的健康个体表达特定的 IgG 自身抗体而没有疾病症状,并且并非所有产生自身抗体的受试者都可能出现疾病症状。因此,炎症性自身免疫性疾病的发展似乎涉及两个步骤。越来越多的证据表明,在自身免疫性疾病前阶段,无害的自身定向 T 和 B 细胞以及由此产生的 IgG 自身抗体反应可能转变为更具炎症性的 T 和 B 细胞以及 IgG 自身抗体反应,从而引发炎症性自身免疫性疾病阶段。在这里,我们总结了从疾病前阶段到疾病阶段的转变,反之亦然,例如通过妊娠和治疗,重点是低/抗炎性与促炎性 IgG 自身抗体反应,包括 IgG 亚型和 Fc 糖基化特征。鉴定从疾病前阶段到疾病阶段的转变的生物标志物的特征可能有助于识别治疗开始的理想时间点,并开发重新定向炎症性自身免疫性疾病的治疗策略。
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