An Overview of Various Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Applications.

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have many advantages, such as design flexibility, minimal waste, manufacturing of very complex structures, cheaper production, and rapid prototyping. This technology is widely used in many fields, including health, energy, art, design, aircraft, and automotive sectors. In the manufacturing process of 3D printed products, it is possible to produce different objects with distinctive filament and powder materials using various production technologies. AM covers several 3D printing techniques such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), inkjet printing, selective laser melting (SLM), and stereolithography (SLA). The present review provides an extensive overview of the recent progress in 3D printing methods for electrochemical fields. A detailed review of polymeric and metallic 3D printing materials and their corresponding printing methods for electrodes is also presented. Finally, this paper comprehensively discusses the main benefits and the drawbacks of electrode production from AM methods for energy conversion systems.