Tian Wen, Gao Peng, Zong Da-Peng, Liu Jian-Jun, Zhang Meng-Yan, Wang Cheng-Chen, Wang Zhen-Xing, Wang Jian-Min, Niu You-Ya, Xiang Ping
Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China.
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
Front Nutr. 2022 Nov 4;9:1042300. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1042300. eCollection 2022.
Heavy metal(loid)s are frequently detected in vegetables posing potential human health risks, especially for those grown around mining areas. However, the oral bioaccessibility and gingival cytotoxicity of heavy metals in wild vegetables remain unclear.
In this study, we assessed the total and bioaccessible Cr, As, Cd, Pb, and Ni in four wild vegetables from mining areas in Southwest China. In addition, the cytotoxicity and underlying mechanisms of vegetable saliva extracts on human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) were studied.
The . () showed the highest bioaccessible Cr, As, Cd, and Pb, while the greatest bioaccessible Ni was in (). The (), . (), and extracts decreased cell viability, induced apoptosis, caused DNA damage, and disrupted associated gene expressions. However, extracts which have the highest bioaccessible heavy metals did not present adverse effects on HGEC, which may be due to its inhibition of apoptosis by upregulating and .
Our results indicated that polluted vegetable intake caused toxic effects on human gingiva. The heavy metals in vegetables were not positively related to human health risks. Collectively, both bioaccessibility and toxic data should be considered for accurate risk assessment.
蔬菜中经常检测到重金属（类金属），对人体健康构成潜在风险，尤其是在矿区周边种植的蔬菜。然而，野生蔬菜中重金属的口腔生物可及性和牙龈细胞毒性仍不清楚。
在本研究中，我们评估了中国西南部矿区四种野生蔬菜中铬、砷、镉、铅和镍的总量及生物可及性。此外，还研究了蔬菜唾液提取物对人牙龈上皮细胞（HGEC）的细胞毒性及其潜在机制。
（此处原文缺失具体内容）显示出最高的生物可及性铬、砷、镉和铅，而（此处原文缺失具体内容）中镍的生物可及性最高。（此处原文缺失具体内容）提取物降低了细胞活力，诱导了细胞凋亡，导致了DNA损伤，并破坏了相关基因表达。然而，具有最高生物可及性重金属的（此处原文缺失具体内容）提取物对HGEC没有产生不利影响，这可能是由于其通过上调（此处原文缺失具体基因）和（此处原文缺失具体基因）来抑制细胞凋亡。
我们的结果表明，摄入受污染的蔬菜会对人类牙龈产生毒性作用。蔬菜中的重金属与人类健康风险并非呈正相关。总体而言，为了进行准确的风险评估，应同时考虑生物可及性和毒性数据。
