Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, India.
Department of Bio-Statistics and Data Management, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, India.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Nov 21;39(1):20. doi: 10.1007/s11274-022-03461-8.
Smokeless tobacco (ST) consumption keeps human oral health at high risk which is one of the major reasons for oral tumorigenesis. The chemical constituents of the ST products have been well discussed; however, the inhabitant microbial diversity of the ST products is less explored especially from south Asian regions. Therefore, the present investigation discusses the bacteriome-based analysis of indigenous tobacco products. The study relies on 16S amplicon-based bacteriome analysis of Indian smokeless tobacco (ST) products using a metagenomic approach. A total of 59,15,143 high-quality reads were assigned to 34 phyla, 82 classes, 176 orders, 256 families, 356 genera, and 154 species using the SILVA database. Of the phyla (> 1%), Firmicutes dominate among the Indian smokeless tobacco followed by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria (> 1%). Whereas, at the genera level (> 1%), Lysinibacillus, Dickeya, Terribacillus, and Bacillus dominate. The comparative analysis between the loose tobacco (LT) and commercial tobacco (CT) groups showed no significant difference at the phyla level, however, only three genera (Bacillus, Aerococcus, and Halomonas) were identified as significantly different between the groups. It indicates that CT and LT tobacco share similar bacterial diversity and poses equal health risks to human oral health. The phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt 2.0) based analysis uncovered several genes involved in nitrate/nitrite reduction, biofilm formation, and pro-inflammation that find roles in oral pathogenesis including oral cancer. The strong correlation analysis of these genes with several pathogenic bacteria suggests that tobacco products pose a high bacterial-derived risk to human health. The study paves the way to understand the bacterial diversity of Indian smokeless tobacco products and their putative functions with respect to human oral health. The study grabs attention to the bacterial diversity of the smokeless tobacco products from a country where tobacco consumers are rampantly prevalent however oral health is of least concern.
无烟烟草（ST）的消费使人类口腔健康面临高风险，这是口腔肿瘤发生的主要原因之一。ST 产品的化学成分已经得到了充分的讨论；然而，ST 产品中定居微生物的多样性却很少被探索，尤其是来自南亚地区的 ST 产品。因此，本研究讨论了基于细菌组的本土烟草产品分析。该研究依赖于使用宏基因组方法对印度无烟烟草（ST）产品进行基于 16S 扩增子的细菌组分析。利用 SILVA 数据库，共将 5915143 条高质量的reads 分配到 34 个门、82 个纲、176 个目、256 个科、356 个属和 154 个种。在门（>1%）中，厚壁菌门在印度无烟烟草中占优势，其次是变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门（>1%）。而在属（>1%）水平上，Lysinibacillus、Dickeya、Terribacillus 和 Bacillus 占主导地位。松散烟草（LT）和商业烟草（CT）组之间的比较分析显示，在门水平上没有显著差异，然而，只有三个属（Bacillus、Aerococcus 和 Halomonas）在组间被鉴定为显著不同。这表明 CT 和 LT 烟草具有相似的细菌多样性，并对人类口腔健康构成同等的健康风险。未观察状态重建的群落系统发育分析（PICRUSt 2.0）揭示了一些参与硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐还原、生物膜形成和促炎的基因，这些基因在口腔发病机制中发挥作用，包括口腔癌。这些基因与几种病原菌的强相关性分析表明，烟草产品对人类健康存在高细菌衍生风险。该研究为了解印度无烟烟草产品的细菌多样性及其对人类口腔健康的潜在功能铺平了道路。该研究引起了人们对来自一个烟草消费者普遍存在但口腔健康最不受关注的国家的无烟烟草产品细菌多样性的关注。
