Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Trends Ecol Evol. 2023 Apr;38(4):369-380. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.11.001. Epub 2022 Nov 22.
Animals often exhibit consistent-individual differences (CIDs) in boldness/fearfulness, typically studied in the context of predation risk. We focus here on fear generalization, where fear of one danger (e.g., predators) is correlated with fear of other dangers (e.g., humans, pathogens, moving vehicles, or fire). We discuss why fear generalization should be ecologically important, and why we expect fear to correlate across disparate dangers. CIDs in fear are well studied for some dangers in some taxa (e.g., human fear of pathogens), but not well studied for most dangers. Fear of some dangers has been found to correlate with general fearfulness, but some cases where we might expect correlated fears (e.g., between fear of humans, familiar predators, and exotic predators) are surprisingly understudied.
动物通常在大胆/恐惧方面表现出一致的个体差异（CIDs），这些差异通常在捕食风险的背景下进行研究。我们在这里关注的是恐惧的泛化，即对一种危险（例如捕食者）的恐惧与对其他危险（例如人类、病原体、移动车辆或火）的恐惧相关。我们讨论了为什么恐惧的泛化应该具有生态重要性，以及为什么我们期望恐惧会在不同的危险之间相关。在某些分类群中，某些危险的恐惧 CIDs 已经得到了很好的研究（例如，人类对病原体的恐惧），但对大多数危险的恐惧研究还不够充分。已经发现某些危险的恐惧与一般恐惧相关，但在一些我们可能期望相关恐惧的情况下（例如，人类、熟悉的捕食者和外来捕食者的恐惧之间），研究却出奇地不足。
