Kluever Bryan M, Foley Mary J
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Florida Field Station, 2820 East University Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32641, USA.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 2820 East University Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
Animals (Basel). 2025 Aug 25;15(17):2503. doi: 10.3390/ani15172503.
Displaying representations or actual individuals of the same or similar species can have a congregating or deterring effect on animals. An effigy, an animal or animal representation in a moribund state, is a tool aimed at deterring target animals in wildlife management settings. Despite being used as a deterrent for decades, neither a synthesis of effigies nor an exploration of the behavioral drivers tied to effigy effectiveness has occurred. We reviewed the effigy literature in terms of both efficacy as a deterrent and behavioral driver(s). We examined research on effigies encompassing 13 social avian species. Nine of seventeen (53%) investigations included experimentation and statistical validation, and of those, six of nine (66%) found effigies to be effective at deterring the focal species, though the temporal scale and spatial extents of the investigations were highly variable. We argue that central to an effigy's effectiveness is the elicitation of fear in the target animal(s) and propose and discuss several potential drivers of fear derived from an effigy, namely antipredator behavior, neophobia, and disgust. Only a single study discussed behavioral drivers of effigy response. We conclude that effigies show promise as a wildlife deterrent for social avian species and have potential for uninvestigated species, and greater efforts should be made to incorporate robust study designs capable of strong inference and elucidation of behavioral drivers of an animal's response to an effigy.
展示同一物种或相似物种的图像或真实个体可能会对动物产生聚集或威慑作用。在濒死状态下的模拟像、动物或动物形象，是野生动物管理环境中用于威慑目标动物的一种工具。尽管作为一种威慑手段已使用了数十年，但尚未对模拟像进行综合研究，也未探索与模拟像有效性相关的行为驱动因素。我们从作为威慑手段的功效和行为驱动因素两个方面对模拟像相关文献进行了综述。我们研究了涉及13种群居鸟类的模拟像研究。17项研究中有9项（53%）包括实验和统计验证，其中9项中的6项（66%）发现模拟像在威慑目标物种方面是有效的，不过这些研究的时间尺度和空间范围差异很大。我们认为，模拟像有效性的核心在于引发目标动物的恐惧，并提出并讨论了模拟像引发恐惧的几个潜在驱动因素，即反捕食行为、新恐惧症和厌恶感。只有一项研究讨论了模拟像反应的行为驱动因素。我们得出结论，模拟像有望成为群居鸟类的野生动物威慑手段，对未研究的物种也有潜在作用，应做出更大努力纳入能够进行有力推断并阐明动物对模拟像反应的行为驱动因素的稳健研究设计。
