Tao Hai, Hashim Bassim Mohammed, Heddam Salim, Goliatt Leonardo, Tan Mou Leong, Sa'adi Zulfaqar, Ahmadianfar Iman, Falah Mayadah W, Halder Bijay, Yaseen Zaher Mundher
School of Computer and Information, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, Guizhou, China.
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligent Optimization of Guizhou Province, Duyun, 558000, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Mar;30(11):30984-31034. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-24153-8. Epub 2022 Nov 28.
Urban areas are quickly established, and the overwhelming population pressure is triggering heat stress in the metropolitan cities. Climate change impact is the key aspect for maintaining the urban areas and building proper urban planning because spreading of the urban area destroyed the vegetated land and increased heat variation. Remote sensing-based on Landsat images are used for investigating the vegetation circumstances, thermal variation, urban expansion, and surface urban heat island or SUHI in the three megacities of Iraq like Baghdad, Erbil, and Basrah. Four satellite imageries are used aimed at land use and land cover (LULC) study from 1990 to 2020, which indicate the land transformation of those three major cities in Iraq. The average annually temperature is increased during 30 years like Baghdad (0.16 °C), Basrah (0.44 °C), and Erbil (0.32 °C). The built-up area is increased 147.1 km (Erbil), 217.86 km (Baghdad), and 294.43 km (Erbil), which indicated the SUHI affects the entire area of the three cities. The bare land is increased in Baghdad city, which indicated the local climatic condition and affected the livelihood. Basrah City is affected by anthropogenic activities and most areas of Basrah were converted into built-up land in the last 30 years. In Erbil, agricultural land (295.81 km) is increased. The SUHI study results indicated the climate change effect in those three cities in Iraq. This study's results are more useful for planning, management, and sustainable development of urban areas.
城市区域迅速形成，巨大的人口压力正在引发大城市的热应激。气候变化影响是维持城市区域和制定合理城市规划的关键因素，因为城市区域的扩张破坏了植被覆盖土地并加剧了热量变化。基于陆地卫星图像的遥感技术被用于调查伊拉克的三个大城市，如巴格达、埃尔比勒和巴士拉的植被状况、热变化、城市扩张以及地表城市热岛效应（SUHI）。使用了四幅卫星图像进行1990年至2020年的土地利用和土地覆盖（LULC）研究，这些图像显示了伊拉克这三个主要城市的土地转变情况。在30年期间，年均温度有所上升，如巴格达上升了0.16°C，巴士拉上升了0.44°C，埃尔比勒上升了0.32°C。建成区面积增加了，埃尔比勒增加了147.1平方公里，巴格达增加了217.86平方公里，巴士拉增加了294.43平方公里，这表明城市热岛效应影响了这三个城市的整个区域。巴格达市的裸地面积增加了，这表明当地气候条件发生了变化并影响了人们的生活。巴士拉市受到人为活动的影响，在过去30年里，巴士拉的大部分地区都变成了建成区。在埃尔比勒，农业用地（295.81平方公里）增加了。城市热岛效应研究结果表明了气候变化对伊拉克这三个城市的影响。这项研究的结果对于城市区域的规划、管理和可持续发展更具参考价值。
