Hambric Channing E, O'Séaghdha Pádraig G
Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
Cognitive Science Program and Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2023 Oct;76(10):2410-2430. doi: 10.1177/17470218221144460. Epub 2023 Jan 12.
Language production entails selecting words in the face of internally, and sometimes externally, driven competition that influences the long-term accessibility of both selected words and competitors. Because both endogenous and externally presented competitors usually result in semantic interference, it is often assumed that they engage the same underlying processes. We question this assumption. Specifically, we propose that latent primes may more naturally commingle with endogenous lexical activation whereas overt primes elicit strong control processes. Two experiments examined the effects of latent (masked) and overt (picture-word) priming in combination with cyclic picture naming of small sets of taxonomically or thematically related or unrelated pictures. A subsequent continuous picture naming phase was designed to assess enduring effects of service as a prime or target. Only taxonomic relations showed substantial interference in cyclic naming. Latent priming tended to increase interference for taxonomic relations, but it produced facilitation for thematic relations. In contrast, overt priming induced interference for both types of relation, indicating exertion of cognitive control. In the continuous picture naming phases, accessibility was hindered for previously presented latent primes (Experiment 1) but enhanced for previously overt primes (Experiment 2). Surprisingly, interference in cyclic naming did not carry forward to the continuous phase. These findings suggest that masked priming may be a viable intervention in the internal dynamics of lexical selection. In contrast, they also add to the body of evidence questioning the validity of using picture-word procedures to study inherent semantic interference.
语言产生需要在内部驱动（有时是外部驱动）的竞争情况下选择词汇，这种竞争会影响所选词汇及其竞争词汇的长期可及性。由于内源性和外部呈现的竞争词汇通常都会导致语义干扰，人们常常认为它们涉及相同的潜在过程。我们对这一假设提出质疑。具体而言，我们认为潜在启动可能更自然地与内源性词汇激活相混合，而显性启动则引发强烈的控制过程。两项实验研究了潜在（掩蔽）启动和显性（图片-单词）启动与对少量分类或主题相关或不相关图片进行循环图片命名相结合的效果。随后的连续图片命名阶段旨在评估作为启动词或目标词所产生的持久影响。只有分类关系在循环命名中表现出显著干扰。潜在启动往往会增加分类关系的干扰，但对主题关系产生促进作用。相比之下，显性启动对两种关系都产生干扰，表明认知控制的发挥。在连续图片命名阶段，之前呈现的潜在启动词会阻碍可及性（实验1），而之前的显性启动词则会增强可及性（实验2）。令人惊讶的是，循环命名中的干扰并没有延续到连续阶段。这些发现表明，掩蔽启动可能是对词汇选择内部动态的一种可行干预。相比之下，它们也增加了质疑使用图片-单词程序研究内在语义干扰有效性的证据。
