Andlib Nida, Sajad Mohd, Kumar Rajesh, Thakur Sonu Chand
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India; Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, The National Institute of Health, and Family Welfare, Baba Gang Nath Marg, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India.
Department of Reproductive Biomedicine, The National Institute of Health, and Family Welfare, Baba Gang Nath Marg, Munirka, New Delhi 110067, India.
Acta Histochem. 2023 Jan;125(1):151974. doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151974. Epub 2022 Nov 28.
Diabetes is a considerate metabolic disorder that can lead to a series of complications, involving the malfunctioning of the reproductive system of males. It has been observed that there is a gradual rise in male diabetic patients and almost half of the diabetic males have low semen quality and decrease reproductive function. In diabetic conditions, prolonged hyperglycemia leads to oxidative stress, diabetic neuropathy, and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance and its deficiency can impair the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads, and perigonads. This causes a decrease in the secretion of gonadal steroids such as GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), and Testosterone. Moreover, it also causes damage to the testicles, spermatogenic and stromal cells, seminiferous tubules, and various structural injuries to male reproductive organs. During spermatogenesis, glucose metabolism plays an important role, because the fundamental activities of cells and their specific features, such as motility and mature sperm fertilization activity, are maintained by glucose metabolism. All these activities can influence the fertility and reproductive health of males. But the glucose metabolism is primarily disrupted in diabetic conditions. Until now, there has been no medicine focusing on the reproductive health of diabetic people. In this chapter, we review the consequences of diabetes on the reproductive system of males and all the pathways involved in the dysfunction of the reproductive system. This will help interpret the effects of DM on male reproductive health.
糖尿病是一种严重的代谢紊乱疾病，可导致一系列并发症，包括男性生殖系统功能障碍。据观察，男性糖尿病患者数量在逐渐增加，几乎一半的糖尿病男性精液质量低下且生殖功能减退。在糖尿病状态下，长期高血糖会导致氧化应激、糖尿病神经病变和胰岛素抵抗。胰岛素抵抗及其缺乏会损害下丘脑、垂体、性腺和性腺周围组织。这会导致促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）、促卵泡生成素（FSH）、促黄体生成素（LH）和睾酮等性腺类固醇分泌减少。此外，它还会对睾丸、生精细胞和基质细胞、曲细精管造成损害，并对男性生殖器官造成各种结构性损伤。在精子发生过程中，葡萄糖代谢起着重要作用，因为细胞的基本活动及其特定特征，如运动能力和成熟精子的受精能力，都由葡萄糖代谢维持。所有这些活动都会影响男性的生育能力和生殖健康。但在糖尿病状态下，葡萄糖代谢主要受到破坏。到目前为止，还没有针对糖尿病患者生殖健康的药物。在本章中，我们综述了糖尿病对男性生殖系统的影响以及生殖系统功能障碍所涉及的所有途径。这将有助于解释糖尿病对男性生殖健康的影响。
