Aboelsoued Dina, Abdel Megeed Kadria Nasr
Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
J Parasit Dis. 2022 Dec;46(4):1133-1146. doi: 10.1007/s12639-022-01513-2. Epub 2022 Jul 4.
is a pathogenic protozoan parasite infecting the gastrointestinal epithelium of human and animal hosts. In farm animals, cryptosporidiosis causes significant economic losses including deaths in newborn animals, retarded growth, increased labor involved and high cost of drugs. The detection of oocysts in fecal samples is traditionally dependent on examination of stained slides by light microscope or by advanced microscopical tools such as: electron microscopy and phase contrast microscopy. Immunological diagnosis using either antibody or antigen detection could offer high sensitivity and specificity. Examples for these tests are Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Immunochromatographic tests, Immunochromatographic lateral flow (ICLF), Immunofluorescence assays (IFA) and Flow cytometry coupled with cell sorting. Molecular methods could differentiate species and genotypes of and help in studying the epidemiological features of this parasite with rapid, simple and sensitive procedures. Nanotechnology-based platforms could improve the sensitivity and specificity of other detection methods like: ELISA, ICLF, IFA and polymerase chain reaction. As the available prophylactic and therapeutic drugs or natural products treatments are insufficient and no approved vaccines are available, the best approach to control this parasite is by following firm hygienic measures. Many vaccine attempts were performed using hyperimmune colostrum, live or attenuated vaccines, recombinant and Deoxyribonucleic acid vaccines. Also, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 technology could help in genome editing to improve drug and vaccine discovery. Another approach that could be useful for assigning drug targets is metabolomics. Probiotics were also used successfully in the treatment of acute diarrhea and they proved a limiting effect on cryptosporidiosis in animal models. In addition, nanotherapy-based approaches could provide a good strategy for improving the potency of any type of drugs against and give good anti-cryptosporidial effects. In conclusion, accurate diagnosis using advanced techniques is the key to the control and prevention of cryptosporidiosis.
是一种致病性原生动物寄生虫，可感染人类和动物宿主的胃肠道上皮。在农场动物中，隐孢子虫病会导致重大经济损失，包括新生动物死亡、生长发育迟缓、劳动力增加和药物成本高昂。传统上，粪便样本中卵囊的检测依赖于光学显微镜或先进的显微镜工具（如电子显微镜和相差显微镜）对染色玻片的检查。使用抗体或抗原检测的免疫诊断可以提供高灵敏度和特异性。这些检测方法的例子包括酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）、免疫层析试验、免疫层析侧向流动（ICLF）、免疫荧光测定（IFA）和流式细胞术结合细胞分选。分子方法可以区分隐孢子虫的种类和基因型，并有助于通过快速、简单和灵敏的程序研究这种寄生虫的流行病学特征。基于纳米技术的平台可以提高其他检测方法（如ELISA、ICLF、IFA和聚合酶链反应）的灵敏度和特异性。由于现有的预防和治疗药物或天然产物治疗方法不足，且没有获批的疫苗，控制这种寄生虫的最佳方法是采取严格的卫生措施。人们使用超免疫初乳、活疫苗或减毒疫苗、重组疫苗和脱氧核糖核酸疫苗进行了许多疫苗试验。此外，成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列/Cas9技术有助于隐孢子虫基因组编辑，以改进药物和疫苗的研发。另一种可能有助于确定药物靶点的方法是代谢组学。益生菌也成功用于治疗急性腹泻，并在动物模型中证明对隐孢子虫病有抑制作用。此外，基于纳米疗法的方法可以为提高任何类型药物对隐孢子虫的效力提供良好策略，并产生良好的抗隐孢子虫效果。总之，使用先进技术进行准确诊断是控制和预防隐孢子虫病的关键。
