Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Nov 17;13:1052317. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1052317. eCollection 2022.
Diabetes is a very complex disease which is characterized by the appearance of insulin resistance that is primarily compensated by an increase in pancreatic beta cell mass, generating hyperinsulinemia. After time, pancreatic beta cells die by apoptosis appearing in the second phase of the disease, and characterized by hypoinsulinemia. There are multiple conditions that can alter pancreatic beta cell homeostasis and viability, being the most relevant ones; ER stress, cytotoxicity by amylin, mTORC1 hyperactivity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and alterations in autophagy/mitophagy flux. In addition, the possible effects that different polyphenols could exert in the modulation of these mechanisms and regulating pancreatic beta cell viability are analyzed. It is necessary a profound analysis and understanding of all the possible mechanisms involved in the control and maintenance of pancreatic beta cell viability to develop more accurate and target treatments for controlling beta cell homeostasis and preventing or even reversing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
糖尿病是一种非常复杂的疾病，其特征是出现胰岛素抵抗，主要通过增加胰岛β细胞质量来代偿，从而产生高胰岛素血症。随着时间的推移，胰岛β细胞通过细胞凋亡而死亡，出现在疾病的第二阶段，其特征是低胰岛素血症。有多种情况可以改变胰岛β细胞的内稳态和活力，其中最重要的是内质网应激、胰岛淀粉样多肽的细胞毒性、mTORC1 活性过度、氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍、炎症和自噬/线粒体自噬通量的改变。此外，还分析了不同多酚可能通过调节这些机制和调节胰岛β细胞活力来发挥的作用。为了开发更准确和靶向的治疗方法来控制β细胞的内稳态并预防甚至逆转 2 型糖尿病，有必要对所有可能涉及控制和维持胰岛β细胞活力的机制进行深入分析和理解。
