Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071, Cordoba, Spain; Animal Breeding Consulting S.L. Parque Científico Tecnológico de Córdoba , 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
Poult Sci. 2023 Jan;102(1):102311. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102311. Epub 2022 Nov 3.
The domestic turkey is a native breed in danger of extinction due to the introduction of new breeds specializing in meat production and yield. Turkeys have lost some prominence in urban areas, and only certain breeds of turkeys are preserved in rural areas. Wild and domestic turkeys are different; rural or indigenous turkeys, with black plumage, were domesticated from Mexican turkeys and have been reproduced throughout Latin America. Some of them were taken to Europe in the 16th century and later arrived in North America, where they crossed with another wild species, from which the bronze turkey emerged: the ancestor of all commercial turkeys. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the genetic diversity in 10 populations of domestic turkeys worldwide by using breeds from Europe: Spain and Italy; America: Mexico, United States and Brazil; and the Near East: Iran and Egypt. A total of 522 blood samples of both sexes were collected from domestic turkey populations. Thirty-four microsatellites were used to obtain genetic parameters, and genetic diversity was evaluated. All microsatellites used were polymorphic, and a total of 427 alleles were detected across the 34 markers investigated. In this study, a mean number of 13.44 alleles was found. The four most diverse breeds were from the Andalusia, Mexico, United States, and wild populations, which had the highest mean heterozygosity expected (0.619, 0.612, 0.650, and 0.773) and heterozygosity observed (0.422, 0.521, 0.429, and 0.627), respectively. The MNT348 marker deviated from the HWE in all populations. Our study has shown that the populations close to the species origin are more diverse than those resulting from posterior expansions. Mexican birds were the most diverse, followed by the Spanish populations because Spain imported a large number of turkeys coming from America. Such information can be complementary to other genotypic data required to validate the evolutionary relationships among turkey populations.
国内火鸡是一种濒临灭绝的本土品种，由于专门从事肉类生产和产量的新品种的引入而面临灭绝的威胁。火鸡在城市地区的地位有所下降，只有某些品种的火鸡在农村地区得以保留。野生火鸡和家养火鸡不同；农村或土生土长的火鸡，羽毛黑色，是由墨西哥火鸡驯化而来的，在整个拉丁美洲都有繁殖。其中一些在 16 世纪被带到欧洲，后来又到达北美，在那里与另一种野生物种杂交，从而产生了青铜火鸡：所有商业火鸡的祖先。本研究的目的是通过使用来自欧洲的品种：西班牙和意大利；美国：墨西哥、美国和巴西；以及近东：伊朗和埃及，评估全球 10 个家养火鸡种群的遗传多样性。共采集了来自家养火鸡种群的 522 份雌雄血液样本。使用 34 个微卫星来获得遗传参数，并评估遗传多样性。所有使用的微卫星都是多态的，在调查的 34 个标记中检测到了总共 427 个等位基因。在这项研究中，发现了 13.44 个等位基因的平均值。最具多样性的四个品种分别来自安达卢西亚、墨西哥、美国和野生种群，它们具有最高的平均预期杂合度（0.619、0.612、0.650 和 0.773）和观测杂合度（0.422、0.521、0.429 和 0.627）。MNT348 标记在所有种群中都偏离了 HWE。我们的研究表明，与物种起源较近的种群比那些由后续扩张产生的种群更具多样性。墨西哥鸟类的多样性最高，其次是西班牙种群，因为西班牙从美国进口了大量的火鸡。这些信息可以补充其他基因型数据，以验证火鸡种群之间的进化关系。
