Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Av. Del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Nov 30;23(23):15039. doi: 10.3390/ijms232315039.
In a world in which life expectancy is increasing, understanding and promoting healthy aging becomes a contemporary demand. In the elderly, a sterile, chronic and low-grade systemic inflammation known as "inflammaging" is linked with many age-associated diseases. Considering sarcopenia as a loss of strength and mass of skeletal muscle related to aging, correlations between these two terms have been proposed. Better knowledge of the immune system players in skeletal muscle would help to elucidate their implications in sarcopenia. Characterizing the activators of damage sensors and the downstream effectors explains the inference with skeletal muscle performance. Sarcopenia has also been linked to chronic diseases such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity. Implications of inflammatory signals from these diseases negatively affect skeletal muscle. Autophagic mechanisms are closely related with the inflammasome, as autophagy eliminates stress signaling sent by damage organelles, but also acts with an immunomodulatory function affecting immune cells and cytokine release. The use of melatonin, an antioxidant, ROS scavenger and immune and autophagy modulator, or senotherapeutic compounds targeting senescent cells could represent strategies to counteract inflammation. This review aims to present the many factors regulating skeletal muscle inflammaging and their major implications in order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in sarcopenia.
在预期寿命不断延长的当今世界，了解和促进健康老龄化成为一种时代需求。在老年人中，一种被称为“炎症衰老”的无菌、慢性和低水平系统性炎症与许多与年龄相关的疾病有关。考虑到肌肉减少症是与衰老相关的骨骼肌力量和质量的丧失，人们已经提出了这两个术语之间的相关性。更好地了解免疫系统在骨骼肌中的作用者将有助于阐明它们在肌肉减少症中的意义。描述损伤传感器的激活剂和下游效应物可以解释与骨骼肌性能的推断。肌肉减少症还与糖尿病、代谢综合征和肥胖等慢性疾病有关。这些疾病的炎症信号的影响对骨骼肌不利。自噬机制与炎症小体密切相关，因为自噬可以消除损伤细胞器发出的应激信号，但也具有免疫调节功能，影响免疫细胞和细胞因子的释放。使用抗氧化剂褪黑素、ROS 清除剂以及免疫和自噬调节剂，或针对衰老细胞的衰老治疗化合物，可能代表着对抗炎症的策略。本综述旨在介绍调节骨骼肌炎症衰老的许多因素及其主要意义，以了解肌肉减少症中涉及的分子机制。
