Municipal Wastewater Treatment uses Vertical Flow Followed by Horizontal Flow in a Two-Stage Hybrid-Constructed Wetland Planted with Calibanus hookeri and Canna indica (Cannaceae).

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The utilization of hybrid-constructed wetland systems has recently expanded due to more rigorous municipal wastewater discharge and also complex wastewaters treated in hybrid-constructed wetlands (HCWs). A lab-scale two-stage experimental setup of vertical flow followed by horizontal flow hybrid-constructed wetland (VFHCW-HFHCW) configuration was built. First-stage vertical flow hybrid-constructed wetland reactor with the surface area was 1963.49 cm and second-stage horizontal flow hybrid-constructed wetland reactor with the surface area was 2025 cm. The HCW unit was planted with two type plants: Calibanus hookeri and Canna indica (Cannaceae). Influent Municipal wastewater flow rate 112.32 l/day, hydraulic loading rate (HLR) 0.55 m/day, and hydraulic retention time of 1 day. The efficiency was evaluated in municipal wastewater quality improvement and physico-chemical analysis in our laboratory. The removal rate after the second-stage horizontal flow of BOD at 27 °C, COD, TSS, TP, NH-N, and NO-N reached 92.75%, 89.90%, 85.45%, 88.83%, 99.09%, and 96.05%, respectively. The results shown after both stage hybrid-constructed wetland VFHCW-HFHCW, treated effluent of Municipal wastewater produced high-quality effluent which may be reused in gardening, agriculture, and flushing in toilet purpose according to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) code for practices. However, in the future, hybrid-constructed wetlands could be standards design criteria developing and enhancing the performance standards and economic meets both to make more popular technology of the hybrid-constructed wetland (HCW).

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The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-022-05984-0.