Riglin Lucy, Tobarra-Sanchez Esther, Stergiakouli Evie, Havdahl Alexandra, Tilling Kate, O'Donovan Michael, Nigg Joel, Langley Kate, Thapar Anita
Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK.
Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health.
JCPP Adv. 2022 Sep;2(3). doi: 10.1002/jcv2.12093. Epub 2022 Jul 21.
ADHD and autism are neurodevelopmental conditions, for which non-specific precursors or early signs include difficulties with language and motor skills, and differences in temperament in the first and second year of life. These early features have also been linked to later diagnosis of schizophrenia which is widely considered to have neurodevelopmental origins. Given that ADHD, autism and schizophrenia are all highly heritable, we tested the hypothesis that in the general population, measures of toddler language development, motor development and temperament are associated with genetic liability to ADHD, autism and/or schizophrenia.
Data were analysed from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) which included motor development scores at age 18 months and language development and temperament scores at age 24 months (N=7498). Genetic liability was indexed by polygenic risk scores (PGS) for ADHD, autism and schizophrenia.
ADHD PGS were associated with specific temperament scales (higher activity β=0.07, 95% CI=0.04, 0.09 and lower withdrawal β=-0.05, 95% CI=-0.07, -0.02) as well as better gross motor scores (β=0.04, 95% CI=0.01, 0.06). Schizophrenia PGS were associated with one specific temperament scale (negative mood β=0.04, 95% CI=0.02, 0.07). We did not find strong evidence of association of autism PGS with any of the toddler measures; there was also not strong evidence of association with motor or language delays for any of the PGS.
This study suggests that some specific aspects of early temperament and gross motor differences in the general population could represent part of the early manifestation of genetic liability to neurodevelopmental conditions.
注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）和自闭症是神经发育障碍，其非特异性先兆或早期迹象包括语言和运动技能方面的困难，以及一岁和两岁时气质的差异。这些早期特征也与精神分裂症的后期诊断有关，而精神分裂症被广泛认为起源于神经发育。鉴于ADHD、自闭症和精神分裂症都具有高度遗传性，我们检验了这样一个假设，即在普通人群中，幼儿语言发育、运动发育和气质的测量指标与ADHD、自闭症和/或精神分裂症的遗传易感性相关。
对雅芳亲子纵向研究（ALSPAC）的数据进行分析，该研究包括18个月大时的运动发育得分以及24个月大时的语言发育和气质得分（N = 7498）。通过ADHD、自闭症和精神分裂症的多基因风险评分（PGS）来衡量遗传易感性。
ADHD的PGS与特定的气质量表相关（较高的活动水平β = 0.07，95%可信区间 = 0.04，0.09；较低的退缩水平β = -0.05，95%可信区间 = -0.07，-0.02），以及更好的粗大运动得分（β = 0.04，95%可信区间 = 0.01，0.06）。精神分裂症的PGS与一个特定的气质量表相关（消极情绪β = 0.04，95%可信区间 = 0.02，0.07）。我们没有发现有力证据表明自闭症的PGS与任何一项幼儿测量指标相关；也没有有力证据表明任何一种PGS与运动或语言发育迟缓相关。
这项研究表明，普通人群中早期气质和粗大运动差异的某些特定方面可能代表神经发育障碍遗传易感性早期表现的一部分。
