-GlcNAc-Mediated Regulation of Galectin Expression and Secretion in Human Promyelocytic HL-60 Cells Undergoing Neutrophilic Differentiation.

In this study, we have tested the hypothesis that the expression and secretion of galectins are driven through mechanisms globally impacted by homeostatic regulation involving the post-translational modification of intracellular proteins with -linked N-acetylglucosamine (-GlcNAc). We showed that neutrophilic differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by all- retinoic acid (ATRA) and 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) was associated with a significant drop of cellular -GlcNAc levels in serum-contained and serum-free cell culture media. Galectin gene and protein expression profiles in HL-60 cells were specifically modified by ATRA and by inhibitors of -GlcNAc cycle enzymes, however overall trends for each drug were similar between cells growing in the presence or absence of serum except for and . The secretion of four galectins (-1, -3, -9, and -10) by HL-60 cells in a serum-free medium was stimulated by -GlcNAc-reducing ATRA and DON while -GlcNAc-elevating thiamet G (-GlcNAcase inhibitor) failed to change the basal levels of extracellular galectins. Taken together, these results demonstrate that -GlcNAc homeostasis is essential not only for regulation of galectin expression in cells but also for the secretion of multiple members of this protein family, which can be an important novel aspect of unconventional secretion mechanisms.