HealthCore Inc, Watertown, MA, USA.
Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2023 Mar;33(2):255-263. doi: 10.1038/s41370-022-00513-x. Epub 2022 Dec 23.
Some phthalates are still widely used in food packaging, toys, and personal care products, and links to adverse health have motivated substitution with replacement chemicals. Few studies have examined patterns and predictors of phthalate replacement biomarkers in children.
To examine associations of sociodemographic, dietary, and urine collection characteristics with urinary concentrations of biomarkers of select phthalates and their replacements in mid-childhood.
We studied 830 children ages 6-10 years in 2007-2010 in a Boston-area cohort. We quantified urinary metabolites and summed their concentrations to calculate biomarkers of the concentrations of ten parent phthalates/replacements. We used linear regression to examine mutually adjusted associations of each predictor with each phthalate biomarker. We used logistic regression to examine predictors of 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester (DINCH) biomarker detectability.
Predictor characteristics explained 25-48% of urinary biomarker variability. Di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP) biomarker was higher in females (18.7% [95% CI: 0.7, 39.9]), children who consumed more meat and dairy, and samples collected from later years. DINCH biomarker was more detectable in females (odds ratio [OR] 2.1 [95% CI: 1.5, 3.0]) and samples from later years.
Populations of children with increased urinary concentrations of phthalate and replacement biomarkers can be targeted for future study of sources of exposure, and identifying dietary predictors of biomarkers will directly guide future interventions.
Our study uses data from a large cohort that is one of the first to measure DINCH, DEHTP, and metabolites of di-isononyl phthalate and di-isodecyl phthalate. Additionally, we evaluate predictors during mid-childhood when biomarkers might be highest. As the use of replacement phthalates increases, our study is one of the first to examine biomarker patterns and predictors among children.
一些邻苯二甲酸酯仍广泛应用于食品包装、玩具和个人护理产品中，其与不良健康的关联促使人们用替代品替代这些化学物质。目前，很少有研究探讨儿童体内邻苯二甲酸酯替代生物标志物的模式和预测因素。
探讨儿童中期社会人口统计学、饮食和尿液采集特征与选定邻苯二甲酸酯及其替代物生物标志物尿液浓度之间的相关性。
我们在 2007-2010 年对波士顿地区的一个队列中的 830 名 6-10 岁儿童进行了研究。我们定量检测了尿液代谢物，并将其浓度相加以计算 10 种母体邻苯二甲酸酯/替代物的生物标志物浓度。我们使用线性回归分析相互调整每个预测因素与每种邻苯二甲酸酯生物标志物的相关性。我们使用逻辑回归分析 1,2-环己烷二羧酸、二异壬基酯（DINCH）生物标志物可检测性的预测因素。
预测因素特征可解释尿液生物标志物变异性的 25%-48%。邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHTP）生物标志物在女性中更高（18.7%[95%CI：0.7，39.9]）、儿童食用更多的肉类和奶制品，以及样本采集于较晚的年份。女性中更易检测到 DINCH 生物标志物（比值比[OR]2.1[95%CI：1.5，3.0]），且样本采集于较晚的年份。
尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯和替代物生物标志物浓度升高的儿童群体可作为未来暴露源研究的目标人群，确定生物标志物的饮食预测因素将直接指导未来的干预措施。
我们的研究使用了来自大型队列的数据，该队列是首批测量 DINCH、DEHTP 以及邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯和邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯代谢物的队列之一。此外，我们还在儿童中期评估了预测因素，此时生物标志物的浓度可能最高。随着替代邻苯二甲酸酯的使用增加，我们的研究是首批在儿童中探讨生物标志物模式和预测因素的研究之一。
