Distributional environmental justice of residential walking space: The lens of urban ecosystem services supply and demand.

Urban ecosystem services (UES), as an important concept in nature-based solutions, can effectively mitigate adverse environmental burdens and have great potential in addressing environmental justice issues. However, few studies linking UES with environmental justice have considered both supply and demand sides of UES, particularly at the spatial scale of residential walking space. Against this backdrop, we investigated the distributional justice of supply and demand for urban cooling, flood mitigation, air purification, and outdoor recreation in residential walking spaces in Shanghai among socially vulnerable groups (i.e., elderly residents, children, females, low-income residents, no-hukou residents, and ethnic minorities). We found that (1) the UES supply of residential walking space was much lower than that of non-residential walking space, while the UES demand was much higher than that of non-residential walking space. (2) Higher proportions of ethnic minorities, no-hukou residents, and females in Shanghai were positively correlated with several UES demands but were not positively correlated with ES supply, indicating a higher possibility of unsatisfied UES demand for these disadvantaged groups. Future urban blue-green space planning should pay more attention to the spatial allocation of blue-green space, especially placing more blue-green space around residential walking spaces with high UES demand and with a high proportion of socially disadvantaged groups.