Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
Technology R&D Office, SK magic, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, 18298, Republic of Korea.
Food Environ Virol. 2023 Mar;15(1):61-70. doi: 10.1007/s12560-022-09546-9. Epub 2023 Jan 3.
The performance of dishwashers in removing live viruses is an important informative value in practical applications. Since foodborne viruses are present in contaminated food surfaces and water environments. Insufficient washing of dishes typically makes a carrier of foodborne viruses. Dishwashers have shown excellent performance in removing bacterial pathogens, but very limited reports related to eliminate foodborne viruses on contaminated dish surfaces. Here, murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) were experimentally inoculated on the dish surfaces (plate, rice bowl, and soup bowl). Plaque assay, 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID), and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were conducted to determine their removal efficiency of them through the general wash program of household dishwashers. Using titration assay, MNV-1 and HAV were reduced by 7.44 and 6.57 log10 PFU/dish, and HCoV-229E was reduced by 6.43 log10 TCID/dish through the general wash program, achieving a ≥ 99.999% reduction, respectively. Additionally, RT-qPCR results revealed that viral RNA of MNV-1 and HCoV-229E reduced 5.02 and 4.54 log10 genome copies/dish; in contrast, HAV was not detected on any dish surfaces. This study confirmed the performance of household dishwashers in removing pathogenic live viruses through the general wash program. However, residual viral RNA was not sufficiently removed. Further studies are needed to determine whether the viral RNA can be sufficiently removed using combination programs in household dishwashers.
洗碗机去除活病毒的性能在实际应用中是一个重要的信息价值。由于食源性病原体存在于污染的食物表面和水环境中。餐具清洗不充分通常会成为食源性病原体的载体。洗碗机在去除细菌病原体方面表现出色，但关于在受污染的餐具表面消除食源性病原体的报道非常有限。在这里，实验性地将鼠诺如病毒 1（MNV-1）、甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）和人冠状病毒 229E（HCoV-229E）接种到餐具表面（盘子、饭碗和汤碗）上。通过家庭洗碗机的一般洗涤程序，进行噬斑试验、50%组织培养感染剂量（TCID）和实时定量聚合酶链反应（RT-qPCR），以确定它们的去除效率。使用滴定试验，MNV-1 和 HAV 的滴度分别减少了 7.44 和 6.57 log10 PFU/餐具，HCoV-229E 的滴度减少了 6.43 log10 TCID/餐具，分别达到了≥99.999%的减少。此外，RT-qPCR 结果显示，MNV-1 和 HCoV-229E 的病毒 RNA 减少了 5.02 和 4.54 log10 基因组拷贝/餐具；相比之下，任何餐具表面均未检测到 HAV。本研究证实了家庭洗碗机通过一般洗涤程序去除致病性活病毒的性能。然而，残留的病毒 RNA 并未被充分去除。需要进一步的研究来确定家庭洗碗机的组合程序是否可以充分去除病毒 RNA。
